^% 


i^. 


^^.^> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


*, 


:/, 


10 


1.1 


128     125 


■  30 


K 


2.2 


1^    m    12.0 


1.8 


1 

1.25  |, .4      ,.6 

< 

6"     

► 

V 


7] 


v: 


'/ 


y^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRKT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  USBO 

(716)  872-4S03 


u. 


f^ 


<i 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibllographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


0 
D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


□   Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


0 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReiiA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiim^es. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6ti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
0 

n 
0 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peSiiculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dteoior^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


|~~1    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiimentaire 


D 
0 


Pagination  as  follows 
23  •  134  p. 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Ill-  xll.  [11- 12, 13*  ■  15^,  13  •  18, 19*  -  24« 


Th^ 
to 


Th 
po 
of 
filr 


Ori 

bei 
the 
sio 
oth 
fira 
sio 
or 


Th< 
shi 

Tl^ 

wh 

IVIa 
difl 
ent 
beg 
righ 
req 
mei 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


re 

I«tail8 
BS  du 
modifier 
Br  une 
ilmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grdce  k  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

BibliothAque  nationale  du  Canada 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  6X6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


es 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimto  sent  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empr^inte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  fiimd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  6  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


errata 
to 


I  pelure, 

3n  6 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

FC 


TlIK 


NORTH  AMERICAN 


SYLVA 


OR, 


A    DESCEiniON    OF    THE    FOREST    TREES 

OF  THE 

irnilri)  Itite,  €111111^11  nnb  3(ioua  Iroliii, 

NOT  DESCRIBED  IN  THE  WORK 

OF 

F.  AIN'DREAV  MICIIAUX, 

AND  CONTAINING  AM.  THE 

FORt'Sr  TRKKS    DISCOVERKD    IN   TIIF.  nOCKV  MOUNTAINS,   THE    TKRRITUKY 

OF  OREGON,  DOWN  TO  THE  SHORES  OP  THE  PACIFIC,  AND  INTO 

THE  CONFINES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  AS  WELL  AS  IN   VA< 

RIOl'S  PARTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ILLUSTRATE  J    BY  121    FINE   PLATES. 

BY  THOMAS  NUTTALL,  F.  L.  S.,      " 

Muliiber  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Fiiiladclpiiia,  &.C.  <&.c.  &.C. 

IN  THREE  VOLUMES.— VOL.  I. 

BEING  THE  FOURTH  VOLUME  OF  MICHAUX  AND  riCTTALL'a 

NORTH  AMERICAN  SYLVA. 


i^^/\^/^%^^WV\A/W  ^'S.^A^^— 


PHILADELPHIA: 
ROBERT  P.  SMITH,  15  MINOR  STREET, 

».  BALDWIN,  FATERNOSTER  BOW,  LONDON}     11.  BOSSANOE,  NO.  11 

QUAI  VOLTAIRE,  PARIS;     PERTHES,  BES3ER  &  MA17KE, 

NO.  2'2   JDKOFERNSTIEO,  UAUBUBO. 

1853. 


/ 


244039 


i! 


KITE  k,  WALTON,  PRINTERS, 

No.  3,  Kanstead  Place. 

;   T.  R.  JONES,  Coloriau 


if^. 


xf 


TO  THE  LATE 


WILLIAM   MACLURE,    Es^. 

PrcMduM  of  the  Mmlcny  of  Natural  Scicccs  in  I'hUaMphia,  ^c.  ^c. 


AS  A  MEMKNTO  OP  „rs  ATTACiniENT  TO,  AND  LIBEnAL  ENCOUnACEMENT 
OF,  NATUHAL  SCIENCES  IN  NOBTII  AMERICA. 


ALSO  TO 

F.    ANDREW    MICIIAUX, 

Mcn.l.er  of  the  Jl.nerican  PInlosopMcal  Society,  Corre^ondcnt  of  the  Institute 

of  ly-ance,  ^c.  ^c. 

WHOSE  NAME  IS  lOENTiriEn  WITH  THE  HISTORY  AND   IMPORTANCE  OE 
THE  PRODUCTIONS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  FOREST, 


THIS  WORK  IS  MOST  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 


i  i 


BY 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  THIS  SUPPLEMENT. 


•I 


P  11  E  F  A  C:  E  . 


The  Forest  Trees  of  Ameuica,  being  a  subject  of 
such  great  extent  and  importance,  I  felt,  consequently, 
very  difiklcnt  of  undertaking  tiieir  study,  after  what  has 
been  ah'eady  done  so  well  by  my  predecessor  M.  Mi- 
ciiAux.  Yet,  in  offering  a  new  edition  of  the  American 
Sylva  in  English,  it  appeared  requisite,  in  keeping  pace 
with  the  progress  of  discovery,  that  all  the  forest  trees 
of  the  extended  dominion  of  the  United  States,  should, 
in  some  way  or  other,  be  included  in  the  present  publi- 
cation; and,  I  confess,  the  magnitude  of  the  task  ap- 
peared, at  first,  sufficiently  appalling,  when  we  reflect 
on  the  vast  territory  now  claimed  by  the  United  States. 
Beginning  with  the  arctic  limits  of  all  arborescent  vege- 
tation, in  the  wilds  of  Canada,  which  we  cannot,  with 
propriety,  exclude,  forming  as  it  does  the  boreal  boun- 
dary of  the  North  American  forest;  we  then  follow  the 
extended  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  until,  towards  the  ex- 
tremity of  East  Florida,  and  its  Keys  or  Islands,  we 
have  attained  the  very  confines  of  the  tropical  circle  and 
make  a  near  approach  to  the  island  of  Cuba  and  the 
Bahamas:  turning  westward,  we  pass  over  the  wide 
forests  of  the  Mississippi,  pursue  the  western  streams, 
through  vast  woodless  plains,  until  we  attain  the  long 
crests  of  the  "Rocky  Mountains"  or  Northern  Andes. 
Here,  in  these  alpine  regions,  we  meet  with  a  total 


VI 


I'll  KK  ACE. 


rIi;in<^o  in  llio  (oftturos  of  tlic  forest;  resin iloroiis  evrr- 
^rcciis,  of  the  lamilv  ol'tlic  Pines,  now  |)re(ioinin;ite,  and 
Jittaiii  tlio  most  ^nifantic  diinensions.  All  tin;  speries, 
and  they  are  nnnierons,  liavo  peeiiliar  traits,  and  lorni 
so  many  enrious  and  distin('t  spe('i(s,  of  which  little  la 
yet  known  more  than  their  botanical  (lesiirnatiou. 
Other  remarkable  forest  trees,  also  imperfectly  known, 
inhabit  this  i^reat  ran'^e  of  mountains,  which  contimies 
uninterruptedly  into  the  interior  of  Mexico  in  its  south- 
ern course;  while  on  the  north,  followin«4  the  sources  of 
the  Missouri  and  the;  Ore^iron,  and  after  thus  dividing 
the  waters  which  flow  into  the  Atlantic  and  I'arific,  it 
is,  at  lentrth,  merged  in  the  "Shining  Mountain  which 
send  ofl' their  distant  tributaries  to  the  Arctic  ocean. 

The  plains  of  the  Tpper  Platte,  those  of  the  Oregon 
and  of  Northern  California,  a  region  ber(;ft  of  summer 
rains,  forming  extensive  barren  steppes,  like  those  of 
Siberia,  present  no  forests,  scarcely  an  alluvial  belt  along 
the  larger  streams  of  suflicient  magnitude  to  aflbrd  even 
fuel  for  the  camp  fire  of  the  wandering  liunter  or  the 
erratic  savage.  The  scanty  drift  wood,  borne  down 
from  the  mountains,  the  low  bitter  bushes  of  the  arid 
plain,  even  the  dry  ordure  of  the  bison,  is  collected  for 
fuel,  and  barely  suffices  to  prepare  a  hasty  meal  for  the 
passing  traveller;  who,  urged  by  hunger  and  thirst,  hur- 
ries over  the  desert,  a  region  doomed  to  desolation,  and, 
amidst  privations  the  most  appalling,  lives  in  the  hope 
of  again  seeing  forests  and  green  fields  in  lieu  of  arid 
plains  and  bitter  weeds,  which  tantalized  our  famished 
animals  with  the  fallacious  appearance  of  food,  like  the 
cast-away  mariner  raging  with  thirst,  tiiough  surround- 
ed with  water  as  fatal  to  the  longing  appetite  as  poison. 

Towards  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Oregon,  we  again  meet  with  the  agreeable  fea- 
tures of  the  forest. 


I 


IMlF.FAt  K. 


VII 


IS  rvor- 
iito,  and 
f^pccies, 
[ul  lorni 
little  is 
LTiKition. 
Uiiown, 
ontiimcs 

S    ffOUtll- 

urccs  of 
dividing 
acific,  it 
wliicli 
coan. 
Orogon 
summer 
tliosc  of 
clt  along 
ford  even 
r  or  the 
10  down 
the  arid 
ccted  for 
il  for  the 
irst,  hur- 
ion,  and, 
the  hope 
of  arid 
amished 
hke  the 
lurround- 
poison. 
e  banks 
ble  fca- 


••MiiJL'.slii-  wocxIm,  ol'ivcry  vigorous  j;ircii, 
Si;ijf('  aljovo  stage,  liiujli  waving  o'er  tiic  liills; 
Or  to  tlu!  far  lioi-i/oii  w  iili'  dilVusM, 
A  l)oiiii(llcs.s  deep  iiniiicMisity  ot'.shailc." 

'l'iims|K)rt('d  ill  idra  to  llio  borders  of  tlic  Hudson  or 
tlie  Delaware,  \\e  r(M"liiie  beiieatli  tlio  shade  of  \enerahle 
Oaks  and  spreadiiiij  Maples;  w«!  see,  as  it  were,  iViiigiiiif 
tli(!  streams,  the  familiar  Cotton-wood  and  spreading 
Willows.  On  the  higher  plains,  and  ascending  the  iiills 
and  mountains  to  their  summits,  we  see  a  dark  forest  of 
lofty  |)incs;  we  iicar  the  light  breeze  sigh  and  murmur 
through  their  branches  as  it  did  to  the  poets  of  old. 
Ihit  the  botanist,  in  all  this  array,  fails  to  recognise  one 
solitary  acquaintance  of  his  former  scenes:  he  is  em- 
phatically in  a  strange  land;  a  new  creation,  even  of 
forest  trees,  is  spread  around  him,  and  the  tall  Andes 
and  wide  deserts  rise  as  a  barrier  hetwixt  him  and  his 
distant  home. 

My  indulgent  reader  will  then  excuse  me,  if  I,  on  this 
occasion,  appear  before  him  only  as  a  botanist;  culling 
those  objects  which  have  given  him  so  much  delight,  he 
wishes  to  present  them  to  the  curious  public,  alive  to  the 
beauties  and  symmetry  of  Nature's  works.  Whatever 
is  yet  known  of  their  uses  and  history,  is  also  givenj 
and  that  the  task  might  be  more  complete,  we  have 
rambled  a  little  beyond,  rather  than  fallen  short  of,  the 
exact  limits  of  the  republic.  We  have  thus  added,  as 
our  friends  Toruky  and  Gray  have  done,  or  intend  to 
do,  in  their  general  Flora,  a  collection  of  the  trees  of 
Upper  California,  extending  our  ramble  as  far  as  the 
vicinity  of  Sta.  Barbara,  in  about  the  34th  degree  of 
north  latitude.  We  here  met  with  several  Oaks,  Pines, 
a  Plane-tree,  a  Horse-chestnut,  and  a  Box  Elder,  which 
have  not  yet  been  found  within  the  limits  of  the  territory 
of  Oregon. 


J> 


~^ 


■I 


VIII 


I'UKKACK. 


Wliilo  tlio  work  was  in  projrross,  Professor  Torrry 
inforiiiod  nio  of  the  arrival  of  a  larj;e  collection  of  dried 
plants  from  Key  West,  in  l^ast  I'lorida,  made  hy  Doctor 
Ulodcjktt,  of  the  Tnitcid  States  army.  All  the  trees  in 
this  lierharinm,  at  least  forty  species,  were  in  the  most 
pencrons  manner  given  np  to  me  for  publication  by  the 
Professor.  Most  of  them  form  distinguishing  features 
in  the  tropical  landscape  of  the  West  India  Islands. 
Among  them  were  the  Mahogany,  Simartiha,  the  (iua- 
iacum  or  Lignum  Vita*,  the  poisonous  Manchinecl,  seve- 
ral trees  of  the  family  of  the  Myrtles,  [Kujrenia^)  three 
or  four  species  of  Fig  trees,  the  Calabash,  and  Papaw 
or  Melon-tree,  the  Mangrove,  two  species  of  Cordia,  the 
West  India  JJirch  (Bursrm  fj[U7nmi/'cra),  and  many  other 
arborescent  plants  which  are  now  for  the  first  time  add- 
ed to  the  Flora  of  the  United  States,  and  thus  in  a  mea- 
sure resolving  the  problem  of  the  geographical  limits  of 
the  Caribbiean  Flora.  The  island  of  Key  West  lies 
about  eighty-five  miles  from  East  Florida,  and  is  the 
same  distance  from  Cuba.  It  is  about  nine  miles  long 
and  three  broad,  containing  a  population  of  about  400 
people,  chiefly  engiiged  as  wreckers. 

IJesides  the  trees  we  have  noticed,  I  have  been  re- 
cently informed  of  the  existence  of  thickets  of  Cactuses 
on  the  island,  one  of  which  with  an  erect,  cyliiidric  and 
divided  stem,  attains  the  height  of  30  or  more  feet. 

In  the  islands  of  the  Everglades,  considerably  inland 
in  East  Florida,  we  have  been  informed  that  a  Palm 
about  90  feet  high,  forming  a  magnificent  tree,  has  been 
seen,  but  of  this  plant  we  have  been  unable  to  obtain, 
as  yet,  any  further  account. 

The  haste  with  which  I  have  been  obliged  to  proceed 
with  the  publication,  has  prevented  me  from  receiving 
much  advantage  from  correspondents.  Such  as  have 
honoured  me  with  their  remarks  arc  mentioned  under 


I'UKl'ACK. 


I\ 


TonuRY 
of  dried 
J  Doctor 
;  trees  in 
the  most 
)n  by  the 

features 
,  Islands, 
the  (lua- 
ccl,  sevc- 
■ff,)  tlirco 
id  Pa  paw 
ordia,  the 
[iny  other 
time  add- 
in  a  mea- 
1  hniits  of 
West  Ucs 
nd  is  the 
miles  long 
ibout  400 

been  rc- 
f  Cactuses 
ndric  and 
feet. 

|bly  inland 
t  a  Palm 
has  been 
o  obtain, 

lo  proceed 
receiving 
as  have 
led  under 


the  appropriate  articles  as  they  occur  in  the  work;  and 
I  take  this  opportunity  of  tendering  them  my  sincere 
thanks  for  all  such  assistance. 

As  fast  as  new  materials  may  be  discovered,  we  in- 
tend to  give  thcni  to  the  world  in  the  form  of  a  supjjlt!- 
ni(!nt,  and  we  shall  then  also  have;  an  additional  oppor- 
tunity for  correcting  any  errors  which  may  have  occur- 
red eith(  r  in  regard  to  information  or  in  the  progress  of 
printing,  as  well  as  of  making  such  additions  as  a  more 
thorough  examination  of  the  subject  may  suggest,  parti- 
cularly the  characters  of  the  dill'crcnt  kinds  of  wood  in- 
digenous to  the  most  extended  limits  of  the  republic. 

Thirty-four  years  ago,  I  left  ICngland  to  explore  the 
natural  history  of  the  United  States.  In  the  ship  Hal- 
cyon I  arrived  at  the  shores  of  the  New  World;  and 
after  a  boisterous  and  dangerous  passage,  our  dismasted 
vessel  entered  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware  in  the  month 
of  April.  The  beautiful  robing  of  forest  scenery,  now 
bursting  into  vernal  life,  was  exchanged  for  the  monoto- 
ny of  the  dreary  ocean,  and  the  sad  sickness  of  the  sea. 
As  we  sailed  up  the  Delaware  my  eyes  were  rivetted  on 
tliQ  landscape  with  intense  admirfition.  All  was  new! 
— and  life,  like  that  season,  was  then  full  of  hope  and 
enthusiasm.  The  forests,  apparently  unbroken,  in  their 
primeval  solitude  and  repose,  spread  themselves  on  either 
hand  as  wo  passed  placidly  along.  The  extending  vista 
of  dark  pines  gave  an  air  of  deep  sadness  to  the  wilder- 
ness. 


"_ 


these  lonely  regions,  where,  retired 


From  little  scenes  of  art,  great  Nature  dwells 

In  awful  solitude,  and  nought  is  seen 

But  the  wild  herds  that  own  no  master's  stall." 

The  deer  brought  to  bay,  or  plunging  into  the  flood 


I       ' 


X  IHIKFACB. 

from  the  pursuit  of  tlio  Indian,  armod  with  bow  and 
arrow,  alone  seemed  wanting  to  realize  the  savauc  land- 
scape as  it  appeared  to  the  first  settlers  of  the  country. 
Scenes  like  these  have  little  attraction  for  ordinary 
life,  but  to  the  naturalist  it  is  far  otherwise;  j)rivations 
to  iiim  are  cheaply  purchased,  if  he  may  but  roam  over 
the  wild  domain  of  primeval  nature,  and  behold 

"Another  Flora  there,  of  bolder  hues, 

And  richer  sweets,  beyond  our  garden's  pride." 

How  often  have  I  realized  the  poet's  buoyant  liopes 
amidst  these  solitary  rambles  through  interminable  fo- 
rests. For  thousands  of  miles  my  chief  converse  has 
been  in  the  w  ilderness  with  the  spontaneous  productions 
of  Nature;  and  the  study  of  these  objects  and  their  con- 
templation has  been  to  mc  a  source  of  constant  dvilight. 

This  fervid  curiosity  led  mc  to  the  banks  of  the  Ohio, 
through  the  dark  forests  and  brakes  of  the  Mississippi, 
to  the  distant  lakes  of  the  northern  frontier;  through  the 
wilds  of  Florida;  far  up  the  Red  River  and  the  Missou- 
ri, and  through  the  territory  of  Arkansa;  at  last  over 
the 

"Vast  savannahs,  wlicrc  the  wandering  eye, 
Unfixt,  is  in  a  verdant  ocean  lost." 

And  now  across  the  arid  plains  of  the  far  west,  be- 
yond the  steppes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  down  the 
Oregon  to  the  extended  shores  of  the  Pacific,  across  the 
distant  ocean  to  that  famous  group  of  islands*  where 
Cook  at  length  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  temerity.  And 
here  for  the  first  time,  I  beheld  the  beauties  of  a  tropi- 
cal vegetation;  a  season  that  knows  no  change;  but  that 
of  perpetual  spring  and  summer:  an  elysian  land,  where 
Nature  offers  spontaneous  food  to  man.    The  region  of 


*  Sandwich  islands. 


PREFACE. 


XI 


bow  and 
anc  l.ind- 

country. 

ordinary 
irivations 
)am  over 


mt  liopos 
nablc  fo- 
•crsc  has 
oductions 
heir  con- 
it  doh<jht. 
the  Ohio, 
ississippi, 
rough  the 
i  Missou- 
last  over 


west,  bc- 
lown  the 
cross  tlie 
*  where 
And 
a  tropi- 
but  that 
d,  where 
region  of 


the  Bread  fruit;  tlie  Tarrow  {Coiocasia  csnilenla)  wliich 
feeds  tlie  indigent  mass  of  the  popuh'ition;  tlic  Jb-oussono- 
tia,  a  kind  of  Mulberry  tree,  wliose  inner  rind,  called 
tajMt,  aftbrds  an  universal  clothing.  The  low  groves  pro- 
duce the  JJanana,  the  Ciingcr,  the  Turmeric,  the  in- 
ebriating A7/m,  [Piper  mclhi/slicitm,)  a  kind  of  Arrow 
root,  resembling  the  potato,  (Tacra,)  and  the  Saccharine 
Tee  root,  [Dmcxna  tcrminalis,)  at  the  same  time  the  best 
of  portable  fodder.  The  common  timber  for  construct- 
ing houses,  boats,  various  implements,  and  the  best  of 
fuel,  is  here  the  produce  of  a  Mimosa,  {Acacia  hctcro- 
phyl/a.)  For  lights  and  oil,  the  too  loui  kernels  (Akuriics 
triloba)  produce  an  excellent  and  inexhaustible  supply; 
the  cocoa-nut  and  the  fragrant  Pnndanus  afford  delicious 
food,  cordage  and  mats,  and  the  very  reeds,  reduced  in 
size,  which  border  the  rivulets,  arc  no  other  than  the 
precious  sugar-cane  of  conmiercc. 

Leaving  this  favoured  region  of  perpetual  mildness,  I 
now  arrived  on  the  shores  of  California,  at  Monterey. 
The  early  spring  (March)  had  already  spread  out  its 
varied  carpet  of  flowers;  all  of  them  had  to  me  the  charm 
of  novelty,  and  many  were  adorned  with  the  most  bril- 
liant and  varied  hues.  The  forest  trees  were  new  to 
my  view.  A  magpie,  almost  like  that  of  Europe,  (but 
with  a  yellow  bill,)  chattered  from  the  branches  of  an 
Oak,  with  leaves  like  those  of  the  Holly,  (^Quercus  agri- 
folia.)  A  thorny  Gooseberry,  forming  a  small  tree,  ap- 
peared clad  with  pendulous  flowers  as  brilliant  as  those 
of  a  Fuchsia.  A  new  Plane  tree  spread  its  wide  arms 
over  the  dried  up  rivulets.  A  Ceanothns,  attaining  the 
magnitude  of  a  small  tree,  loaded  with  sky-blue  withered 
flowers,  lay  on  the  rude  wood-pile,  consigned  to  the 
menial  ofiice  of  affording  fuel.  Already  the  cheerful 
mocking-bird  sent  forth  his  varied  melody,  with  rapture 
imitating  the  novel  notes  of  his  neighbouring  songsters. 


n 


xu 


PREFACE. 


The  scenery  was  mountainous  and  varied,  one  vast 
wilderness,  neglected  and  uncultivated;  the  very  cattle 
appeared  as  wild  as  the  bison  of  the  prairies,  and  the 
prowling  wolves  {Coifotes)  well  fed,  were  as  tame  as 
dogs,  and  every  night  yelled  familiarly  through  the 
village.  In  this  region  the  Olive  and  the  Vine  throve 
with  luxuriance  and  teemed  with  fruit;  the  Prickly 
Pears  ( Cactus)  became  small  trees,  and  the  rare  bloom- 
ing Aloe  {Agave  americana)  appeared  consigned  without 
care  to  the  hedge  row  of  the  garden. 

After  a  perilous  passage  around  Cape  Horn,  the 
dreary  extremity  of  South  America,  amidst  mountains  of 
ice  which  opposed  our  progress  in  unusual  array,  we 
arrived  again  at  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Once  more 
I  hailed  those  delightful  scenes  of  nature  with  which  I 
had  been  so  long  associated.  I  rambled  again  through 
the  shade  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  or  culled  some  rare 
productions  of  Flora  in  their  native  wilds.  But  the  'oft 
told  tale'  approaches  to  its  close,  and  I  must  now  bid 
a  long  adieu  to  the  'new  world,'  its  sylvan  scenes,  its 
mountains,  wilds  and  plains,  and  henceforth,  in  the 
evening  of  my  career,  I  return,  almost  an  exile,  to  the 
land  of  my  nativity ! 


v? 
..-s- 


\     I; 


I 


I,  one  vast 
very  cattle 
ies,  and  the 
as  tame  as 
hrough  the 
/ine  throve 
Lhc  Prickly 
rare  bloom- 
[led  without 


Horn,  the 
lountains  of 
I  array,  we 

Once  more 
'ith  which  I 
ain  through 

some  rare 
But  the  'oft 
ist  now  bid 

scenes,  its 
rth,  in  the 
exile,  to  the 


•-1 


n 


Ji 


"t. 


QlU'l'CUK    (iuri'ViUlM  . 


Hefftfrn  On  A 


t/ti'in'  i>i'<n/ftr/ti/ 


\    I 


1 


I 


\l/lUltffll/il/ 


■  r*". 


%. 


if 


^: 


4    i'-   \i 


"ftj^r-'i 


..*«!V 


^% 


'i» 


,U»S' 


•^....      '% 


'V 


H    "^     ^k    '''^' 


■ .  'it* 


■B 


■  ^-f-%\^^ 


%iMi,t:-i 


/•    fi- 


s 


1 


M 


I  , 


( 

I 

\ 

Vk 

s 
s 
C 

i\ 
a 

T 

alter 
appc 
allici 


QUI 

va 
lis 
bit 
sq\ 
Que  I 

In 

ofth 


I  •   \ 


I 


OAKS. 

Natural  Order,  Cupulifer^..     Linmran  Classification, 

MoNffiCIA,  POLYANDRIA. 


QUERCUS.       (TOURNEFORT.) 

MoNoicous.  Male  flowers  in  loose  catkins  or  racemes.  Calyx 
monophyllous  more  or  less  deeply  5-clcft.  Stamens,  5  to  10 
with  sliort  filaments,  the  anthers  oval  and  2-ccllcd. 

Female  flower  solitary,  with  a  cup-shaped  undivided  hcnii- 
splierical  involucrum  formed  of  agglutinated  imbricate  scales, 
sometimes  free  at  the  summit.  Perianth  minute,  superior. 
Ovary  terminated  by  2  to  3  stigmas,  3-celled,  with  2  ovules. 
Nut  or  gland  ovate-cylindric,  coriaceous  and  smooth,  l-cellcd; 
albumen  none,  germ  erect,  with  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledones. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  principally  of  temperate  regions.  Leaves 
alternate,  stipulate,  simple.  Flowers  green  and  inconspicuous, 
appearing  before  the  complete  expansion  of  the  leaves.  Nearly 
allied  to  the  Chestnuts,  {Castanea.) 


! 


WESTERN  OAK. 


QUERCUS  Gauryana,  (Dougl,  Mss.),  /oliis  petiolatis,  obo- 
vatis,  utrinque  obtusis  sinuatis  siibtus  pubescentibus,  adul- 
tis  subglabris,  lobis  obtusis  subaequalibus  superioribus  sub- 
bilobiSffructibus  sessilibus,  cupula  subhernisphxrica  dense 
squamosa,  squamis  acuminatis  pubescentibus,  glande  ovuta. 

QuERCUs  Garry  ana.  Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.  vol.  2.  p.  159. 

In  our  western  tour  across  the  continent,  no  feature 
of  the  landscape  appears  more  remarkable,  after  passing 


VVKSTKllN  OAK. 


"TKi 


tlio  Missif?sip|)i  to  tlio  >vidc  alluvial  borders  of  tlio  I'laltc, 
than  tli(!  almost  total  ahsoncc  of  our  most  cliarac- 
toristic  forest  troos,  tlio  Oaks.  When  at  IciifTtli  wc 
approached  the  Uoeky  Mountains  or  Northern  Andes,  wc 
looked  in  vain  for  any  species  of  this  important  <Tcnus, 
and  as  far  as  the  eye  could  trace  wi;  commonly  saw 
nothinij  but  a  dark  unbroken  mass  of  jiijjantic  Firs  and 
Pines.  It  was  not  till  wc  had  nearly  reiiched  the  shores 
of  the  Pacific,  that  wc  again  beheld  any  of  the  familiar 
features  of  the  Atlantic  forest.  At  the  conlluence  of 
the  Columbia  and  the  Wahlamet  we  pitched  our  tents 
and  moored  our  vessel,  which  had  passed  Cape  Horn, 
beneath  the  spreading  shade  of  majestic  Oaks.  With 
the  first  appearance  of  extended  alluvial  plains,  immedi- 
ately below  the  singular  falls  of  the  Oregon,  called  the 
Dalles,  or  Dykes,  wc  observed,  for  the  first  time,  this 
western  oak  loaded  with  its  fruit. 

The  strong  resemblance  of  the  leaf  of  this  species  to 
tliat  of  the  Post  Oak  [Qucrcns  stcUnUt)  is  almost  a  libel 
upon  our  gigantic  plant,  which  may  well  rank  among 
the  largest  of  its  species.  It  attains  the  height  of  90  or 
100  feet,  if  not  more,  with  a  diameter  of  3  to  6;  indeed, 
amidst  a  forest  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world 
for  its  extreme  elevation,  our  Oak  still  bore  a  strict 
comparison  with  the  rest.  Its  character,  in  nearly  all 
respects,  equals  the  famous  Oak  of  northern  Europe, 
{Q. pedunculata)',  its  lofty  summit  and  enormous  branch- 
es spread  out  far  and  wide,  affording  the  most  perfect 
shade;  and,  as  a  picturesque  tree,  it  is  much  the  most 
striking  in  the  western  landscape.  As  an  object  of 
economy  we  found  it  of  the  last  importance,  useful  tim- 
ber trees  being  scarce  along  the  Oregon;  indeed,  no 
other  Oak  exists  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  but  the 
present  till  we  arrive  at  the  absolute  boundary  of  Cali- 
fornia.    How  far  it  extends  to  the  north,  I  am  unable  to 


WF^STRRN  (lAK. 


3 


lio  Pluttc, 
;  charac- 
3natli  wo 
Viulcs,  we 
mt.  genus, 
lonly  saw 
I'irs  and 
he  shores 
c  familiar 
rtuence  of 
our  tents 
ipc  Horn, 
;s.     With 
?,  immedi- 
callcd  the 
time,  this 

species  to 
ost  a  hhol 
nk  amonji^ 
It  of  1)0  or 
0;  indeed, 
the   world 
•e  a  strict 
nearly  all 
11  Europe, 
s  branch- 
st  perfect 
the  most 
object  of 
seful  tim- 
ideed,  no 
ic  but  the 
of  Cali- 
unablc  to 


say,  i»nt  probably  as  far  as  Noolka  Sound.  Fn  TppiM- 
California  it  is  scarcely  found  boyond  Monterey;  its 
limit  is  prohably  somewhere  between  tlu;  o>Sth  and  5()th 
deifree. 

The  wood  is  remarkably  white  for  an  Oak,  hard  and 
fine  grained,  and  well  suited  for  almost  every  kind  of 
construction  for  which  the  White  Oak  or  iMiglish  Oak 
is  employed.  It  was  used  by  our  tradinir  party  as 
barrel  staves,  and  was  found  no  way  inferior  to  White 
Oak.  Logs  of  it  brought  a  good  price  at  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and,  in  short,  there  is  scarcely  any  thing  in 
which  strength  or  durability  arc  requisite,  for  which 
this  timber  is  not  suited.  The  .'icorns  being  sweet  and 
agreeable,  form  an  excellent  mast  for  hogs,  and  even 
the  aborigines  of  this  region,  who  never  cultivate  the  soil, 
employed  them  for  food,  first  preparing  them  by  stoving 
and  afterwards  laying  them  away  under  ground  for 
future  use. 

The  acorns  are  much  larger  than  those  of  the  Post 
Oak,  as  well  as  rounder.  The  leaf  bears  a  considerable 
resemblance  to  that  species,  but  is  smaller,  and,  in  fact, 
intermediate  in  form  between  it  and  the  European 
species  {Q.  pcdunculala.)  It  differs  from  both,  in  the 
whiteness  of  its  MOod.  The  bark  is  whitish  and  scaly, 
almost  similar  to  that  of  the  White  Oak.  The  leaves 
from  the  first  are  not  pubescent  above,  or  only  slightly 
so  along  the  midrib,  the  hairs  more  numerous  beneath, 
are,  as  in  many  other  species,  collected  into  stellated 
clusters;  the  young  leaves  of  the  Post  Oak,  previous  to 
expansion,  appear  brownish-yellow,  and  like  a  mass  of 
velvet,  with  the  copious  pubescence  by  which  they  arc 
clad;  in  ours  this  appearance  never  occurs,  and  the  old 
leaves  become  nearly  smooth;  the  lobes  have  narrow 
sinuous  openings,  which  scarcely  pass  half  way  down 
through  the  leaf;  the  lobes  are  usually  4  on  a  side,  and 


I'' 


[ 


4  WESTERN  OAK. 

possess  no  great  inequality  with  each  other,  the  upper 
pair  mostly  present  a  notch  or  small  division  on  the 
lower  side,  but  nothing  analogous  to  the  singular  obtuse 
dilatation  which  that  part  of  the  leaf  exhibits  in  the 
Post  Oak.  The  acorns,  besides  being  larger,  are  not 
striated,  and  the  scales  of  the  cup  are  acuminate,  and 
the  upper  ones  free. 

Plate  I. 

A  young  branch,  with  the  leaves  not  fully  expanded,  with 
barren  aments. 


■;  the  upper 
sion  on  the 
miliar  obtuse 
ibits  in  the 
:er,  arc  not 
ininate,  and 


>antlc(l,  with 


I  , 

I  > 


H(ff/r  /t-inri/  fAf/,- 


(jiu'iM'iis  AuiMlolia  W§ 

f'/u'tiff/  /'fii if /<:<>•  )/t'   /ft'ii.f 


•i 


m 


.^' 


•'■  'V/    ►■; 


'■0 


■*:Safi'' 


l/^ 

^ 


//tW  f/l'     Ifi'll.f 


•vl» 


<^.     ^.Ai;.,.*- 


;    ,.i":^' 


,^  '  ■■ 

•** 

»•               ' 

*v 

_,.^r.-^;^;' 

..W'v^t*  I    '  < 

,  .r  ■■■ 

M 


:":fi. 


I  ! 


i 


5 


HOLLY-LEAVED  OAK. 

QUERCUS  agrifolia;  fnliis  laln-nvatis  suhcordatis  ilcntato- 
spinosis  glubris,  fructibus  axillarihus  sessilihus.  Nkk  in 
Annal.  Scienc.  Nat.  vol.  3.  p.  271.  Annals  of  Botany,  No.  4. 
p.  106. 

QuERCus  AGRiFOLiA,  folUs  percnnuntibus  siibrotundo-ovatis 
subcordatis  utrinquc  glabris  remote  spinoso-dentatis,  cu- 
pula heviisphxrica;  squamis  (I'prcssis  obtusiusculis,  glandc 
ovata  acuta. — Pursh,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  2.  p.  657.  Willd.  Sp. 
pi.  4.  p.  431. 

Jin  Ilex  folio  agrifolii  americana,  forte  agria,  vet  aquifolia 
glandifera.     Plukenet,  tab.  196.  fig.  3  ? 

This  species,  almost  the  only  one  which  attains  the 
magnitude  of  a  tree  in  Upper  California,  is  abundantly 
dispersed  over  the  plain  on  which  Sta.  Barbara  is 
situated,  and,  being  evergreen,  forms  a  conspicuous  and 
predominant  feature  in  the  vegetation  of  this  remote 
and  singular  part  of  the  western  world.  It  appears  more 
sparingly  around  Monterey,  and  scarcely  extends  on 
the  north  as  far  as  the  line  of  the  Oregon  territory.  It 
attains  the  height  of  about  40  or  50  feet,  with  a  diame- 
ter rarely  exeeding  18  inches.  The  bark  is  nearly  as 
rough  as  in  the  Red  Oak;  the  wood  hard,  brittle,  and 
reddish,  is  used  only  for  the  purposes  of  fuel  or  the 
coarse  construction  of  a  log  cabin. 

As  an  ornamental  tree  for  the  south  of  Europe  or  the 
warmer  states  of  the  Union,  we  may  reconunend  this 
species.  It  forms  a  roundish  summit,  and  spreads  but 
little  till  it  attains  a  considerable  ajre;  as  a  hcdirc  it 
would  form  a  very  close  shelter,  and  the  leaves  ever- 
green and  nearly  as  prickly  as  a  holly,  would  render  it 
almost  impervious  to  most  animals. 


i^ 


'  il 


(i 


HOLLY-LEAVED  OAK. 


!■: 


The  leaves  vary  from  roundish  ovate  to  cHiptic,  and 
are  of  a  thick  rigid  consistence,  the  serratures  quite 
sharp;  the  young  shoots  are  covered  more  or  less  with 
stellate  hairs,  and,  for  some  time,  tufts  of  this  kind  of 
down  remain  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  of  the 
leaves,  which  are,  however,  at  length  perfectly  smooth 
and  of  a  dark  green  above,  often  tinged  with  brownish- 
yellow  beneath.  The  staminiferous  flowers  are  very 
abundant  and  rather  conspicuous,  the  racemes  the 
length  of  3  or  4  inches,  the  flowers  with  a  conspicu- 
ous calyx  and  8  to  10  stamens.  The  female  or  fruit- 
bearing  flowers,  are  usually  in  pairs  in  the  axills  or 
juncture  of  the  leaf  with  the  stem  and  sessile,  or  without 
stalks.  The  cup  of  the  acorn  is  hemispherical,  and 
furnished  with  loose  brownish  scales,  the  acorn  much 
longer  than  the  cup,  is  ovate  and  pointed. 

We  do  not  recollect  to  have  seen  this  tree  properly 
associated  with  any  other,  except  occasionally  the 
Platanus  raccmosus;  their  shade  is  also  hostile  to  almost 
every  kind  of  undergrowth. 

By  Persoon  this  species  is  said  to  have  been  found 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  North  America,  while  Pursh 
attributes  it  to  the  north-west  coast,  about  Nootka 
Sound.  It  does  not,  however,  extend  even  to  the  ter- 
ritory of  Oregon,  as  far  as  my  observations  go.  Nee 
says  "I  have  only  seen  branches  collected  at  Monterey 
and  Nootka."  The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  (if  I  am 
not  mistaken)  are  perfectly  smooth  when  first  developed, 
of  a  thin  consistence,  with  numerous  slender  sharp 
dentures;  beneath  they  are  of  a  brownish-yellow  colour, 
and  appear  smooth  and  shining. 

Plate  II. 
A  young  branch  with  barren  aments.    «.  A  branch  with  acorns. 


ill 


elliptic,  and 
itures  quite 
or  less  with 
this  kind  ot" 
drib  of  the 
ctly  smooth 
h  brownish- 
rs  are  very 
acemes  the 
a  conspicu- 
ale  or  fruit- 
tie  axills  or 
:,  or  Avitliout 
lerical,  and 
icorn  much 

ree  properly 
jionally  the 
le  to  almost 

been  found 

hile  Pursh 

ut   Nootka 

to  the  ter- 

|s  go.    Nee 

t  Monterey 

ts  (if  I  am 

developed, 

Inder  sharp 

low  colour. 


SMALL  LEAVED  OAK. 

QUERCUS  *nuMosA;  ramis  gracilibiis  pubescentibus;  foUis 
rotundato-ovaUbxis  siibsessilibus  spinoso-dentatis  glabriiis- 
culis,  subtiis  villosis  concoloribus. 

I  observed  this  species  to  form  entangled  thickets 
over  the  base  of  the  hills  which  flank  the  village  of  Sta. 
Barbara,  in  Upper  California.  It  attains  the  height  of 
4  to  6  feet,  is  of  a  very  unsightly  appearance,  forming 
what  we  should  call  scrub-oak  thickets,  of  considerable 
extent,  over  a  barren  and  rocky  soil,  which  denies  sus- 
tenance to  almost  everything  else;  the  branches  divide 
into  many  irregular  straggling  and  almost  naked  slender 
twigs,  clothed  with  a  whitish  smooth  bark.  The  leaves 
are  evergreen,  small,  and  wholly  resemble  those  of  the 
Quercus  cocci/era,  but  are  somewhat  pubescent  above  and 
softly  so  beneath;  the  young  twigs  are  also  hairy,  with 
a  persisting  pubescence.  Being  unable  to  discover  upon 
it  at  the  season  I  visited  that  country  (in  the  month  of 
April)  cither  flowers  or  fruit,  I  am  unable  to  give  a 
figure  of  it  that  would  be  at  all  interesting. 


f  1 


I  1 


with  acorns. 


ROCKY-MOUNTAIN  OAK. 

QUERCUS  uniiulata;  fnttico^a  ramosissima ;  foliis  pcrcn- 
nantibus  h'cvipetiolalis  oblongis  acutis  simiato-dcntatis 
dcntibus  aciitis,  basi  ciincatis,  siibttis  pnlvn'uleuto-toviento- 
si's,  supra  nitidis;  J'nictibiis  siibsolitariis  sessilibits,  cupula 
hemisphverica  squamis  appressis,  glande  ovata  acuta.  Tor- 
KEV  in  the  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Now  York,  vol.  2,  p. 
248. 

This  dwarf  Oak,  considerably  allied  to  our  small 
leaved  preceding  species,  was  discovered  by  Dr.  James,  in 
Long's  Expedition,  towards  the  sources  of  the  Canadian, 
a  branch  of  the  Arkansa,  and  likewise  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  is  said  to  be  a  small  straggling  shrub, 
with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  clothed  with  a  close 
whitish  tomentum  or  down,  more  or  less  spread,  though 
more  thinly,  also  on  the  upper  surface,  with  the  hairs 
stellated.  The  leaves  are  small,  and  somewhat  resemble 
those  of  the  Holly,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  or  two 
inches  long,  rather  narrowed  at  the  base,  of  a  thick  and 
rigid  consistence,  as  in  all  the  sempervirent  Oaks,  reti- 
culately  veined  beneath,  with  the  margin  sinuately 
toothed,  but  not  that  I  can  perceive  waved,  as  the  spe- 
cific name  implies;  the  teeth  sharp  and  acute  at  the 
points;  above  somewhat  shining  and  minutely  pubescent. 
The  acorns  arc  large  and  strongly  resemble  those  of  the 
Live  Oak;  they  arc,  however,  without  stalks,  and  grow 
alone  or  in  pairs;  the  cup  is  deep  and  hemispherical, 
with  the  scales  pointed. 

It  is  so  nearly  allied  to  the  Holly  Oak  of  the  South  of 
Europe  (Qncrcus  I/cx),  that  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish 
them.    In  our  plant  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  wedge-formed; 


# 


^ 


:  fotiis  jieren- 
mato-deiitatis 
'cnto-tomento- 
ilibiis,  cupula 
t  acuta.  ToR- 
ork,  vol.  2,  p. 


)  our  small 
Dr.  James,  in 
le  Canadian, 
the  Rocky 
gling  shrub, 
with  a  close 
•ead,  though 
th  the  hairs 
lat  resemble 
half  or  two 
a  thick  and 
:  Oaks,  reti- 
n  sinuately 
as  the  spe- 
cute  at  the 
J  pubescent, 
those  of  the 
3,  and  grow 
nispherical, 


1 


he  South  of 

distinguish 

Jge-formed; 


\) 


m 


4'' 


4-    »,;f?f„,,; 


v_   Hf. 


» 


.  ir* 


I         !' 


"  ^'"•'       '■■''it-' 


Jl'i'i-/,! 


^ 


OiuM'i'UK  I'luluhita 


r/ii     l/,'iijf/,Hil  (^ilA 


<7l<'flf    Illl4/tt/f 


■li 


in 

tO( 

an< 


!  iWiil, 


i!  'i 


UOClvY  MOUNTAIN  OAK. 


0 


in  tlie  Ilex  it  is  usually  rounded,  the  border  less  dee|)ly 
toothed,  and  not  in  the  least  sinuated.  The  cup  and 
acorn  arc  wholly  similar,  but  in  our  plant  a  little  larger 
and  less  pointed. 


Plate  III. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  the  acorn. 


2 


M 


fi 


10 


< 


■l 


DOUGLAS'  OAK. 

QTTERCUS  DoTTOi.Asi;  yo///,v  mcmhranarri.s  nhlnusrn.ovnlibus 
hasi  acntis  pvliohtlifi  siiiiKito-piinuitiJUlis  siccitalc  hand 
iii'^rescvnlihxtfi,  .supra  i^/ahn'.s,  sithla.s  j)ubcri(/is,  lohis  hrri'i- 
hns  aculiu.scatis,  pvtlolh  ramulis(jue  Juuiorihus  dense, 
fnli'o-pnheaccntibus;  frnctihus  seasilihu.s  anlitariis  binisve, 
cupula  hemisplicrrica  dense  .squamosa  .sf/na?nis  ovatis  con- 
nexis  in  appendiccm  submeinbri-.naceamfuliHtrn  appre.ssam 
/ineare?n  obtu.sam  productis  pnbescen/ibns;  i^/ande  ovala 
cnpularn  frip/o  superanle  obtusa  cum  umbone  conico. — 
Hook.  Ic.  ined.  Hook,  iiiui  Aknot,  liotiiiiy  of  IJcechy's 
Voyage,  p.  391. 

This  curious  species,  of  which  we  have  seen  only  a 
tlried  specimen,  was  collected  in  Upper  California,  and 
bears  some  affinity  to  the  Q.  (iarryanu.  According  to 
Hooker  and  Arnot,  the  leaves  and  whole  appearance  of 
the  plant  closely  resemble  Q.  sessi/ij/ora^  but  with  difl'er- 
ent  scales  to  the  cup  of  the  acorn.  The  leaves  appear 
to  be  smaller,  narrower,  and  less  deepW  divided  than  in 
Q.  Gnrryana.  The  young  leaves  are  covered  with 
down  on  both  sides,  and  the  lobes  tipped  with  short, 
soft,  acute  points. 

To  us,  the  branch  which  we  have  seen  bears  sonio 
resemblance,  though  vague,  to  the  Post  Oak,  {Q,  str/- 
lala.)  The  cup  and  acorn  is  also  somewhat  similar,  but 
larger,  while  the  leaf  is  smaller  and  scarcely  dilated 
above.  The  under  surface  is  covered  with  the  samo 
stellated  pubescence.  The  stigmas  of  the  fertile  flowers 
are  from  3  to  5  in  number. 


!  ■  •  Ml' 

,  If 


Plate  IV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  acorns,     a.  The  male  cat- 
kin and  young;  leaf.     b.  The  staminiferous  flower  magnified. 


ccilulc  hand 
v,  lohis  hrrvi- 
')ril)us  dense, 
ariis  bim'sre, 
!*  ovutis  con- 
m  apprc.ssam 
'^lundv  oiHild 
uu>  c-nnico, — 
of  lieechy's 


seen  only  a 
iforiiia,  and 
ccordin<;  to 
pearance  of 
with  tlifler- 
ivcs  appear 
ded  than  in 
vered  with 
with  short, 

bears  some 
ik,  (Q,  s(ff. 
similar,  but 
;ely  dilated 
li  the  same 
'tile  flowers 


he  male  cat- 
lagnified. 


i. 


V 

4 

.i 


"  '-v 


/^,>n. 


I'l  IN 


i 


OiirPk'ils   l)ni|o'l:iKJi 


/>i>lli//,/t,w  f^,//' 


('it'Hl'   lU    Ih>lltl/i4 


M 


i  ■:  v:m 


ii 


i!;i 


^ 


^ 


m 


()iM'rfiix  Dfimil'lov:! 


hennir  f/ourrfd  (fuU . 


('/if'nf  a  /Years  fimge^e. 


*      f 


# 


-yi^i^'  i 


lo\ 

oii 

Tr 

India 
nerv( 


;         &: 


11 


§  *Castanopsis.  Jimentfi  eloni!;atcd  and  persistent ,  periunth 
lanuginous,  divided  to  the  Ixise;  scales  of  the  spreading  cup 
loose  and  sqnarrose;  stamens  c.vserted;  nut  somewhat  an- 
gular and  downy;  stigmas  several,  filiform  and  decidu- 
ous. 


Trees  of  Oregon,  California,  and  the  Himmalay  Mountains  in 
India,  with  the  aspect  of  the  Chestnut.  Leaves  entire,  pennately 
nerved,  sempervirent.  Amcnts  elongated,  erect,  the  flowers 
conglomerated.  Fertile  flowers  .  .  .  ?  To  this  section,  or 
rather  genus,  helong  also,  as  far  as  the  male  specimens  arc  con- 
cerned, the  Quercus  glomerata  and  Quercus  spicatu  of  Dr. 
Wallich. 


11 


''■$ 


DENSE  FLOWERED  OAK. 

QUERCUS  densiplora;  foliis  perennantibus  coriaceis  petio- 
latis  oblongo-lanceolatis  hasi  obtusis  breviter  acuniitiatis 
parallele  uervosis  integerritnis  niargine  revolutis  juniori- 
bus  fulvo-furfuraceo-tomentosis  subtiis  pallidioribus  de- 
miini  glabris,  anientis  masctilis  elongatis  folia  superanti- 
biis  densifloris  valdc  tomentosis  nunc  ad  basin  flores  paucos 
femineos  gerentibus,  frtictibus  sessilibus,  cupula  brevi  lie- 
misphaerica  dense  squamosa,  sqiiamibus  elongato-linearibiis 
laxis  sericeis,  glande  ovato-globosa  sericea. — Hook.  Icon. 
PI.  ined.     Hook,  and  Arnot,  Bot.  Beechy,  p.  391. 

This  remarkable  tree,  scarcely  a  true  Oak,  but  con- 
generic with  species  in  the  Himmalaya  Mountains,  in 
India,  is  a  native  of  Upper  California.  It  has  so  much 
the  appearance  of  a  Chestnut,  that  the  cup  of  the  fruit 
alone  attests  what  it  really  is.  The  leaves  are  ever- 
green and  of  the  same  lanceolate  outline  with  the 
common  Chestnut,  having  similar  pennate  nerves,  but 
entire,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  margin;  at  first  they  arc 


\  1 


m 


n 
1 


12 


DRNSR-FLOWRRF.D  OAK. 


softly  clothed  beneath  with  dense  stellate  brownish 
hairs,  but  at  length  become  smooth;  they  are  about  4 
inches  long  and  1  to  H  wide.  The  catkins  are  erect, 
about  4  inches  long,  presenting  the  appearance  of  cy- 
hndric,  woolly  spikes,  beset  with  numerous  cxserted 
stamens  with  long  slender  filaments,  as  in  the  Chestnut. 
The  cup  is  shallow  and  patulous,  within  and  without 
softly  sericeous,  the  scales  numerous  and  acuminate, 
very  loose,  somewhat  spreading  and  2h  to  3  lines  long. 
The  acorn  is  large,  evidently  angular,  and  more  convex 
on  one  side,  covered  with  whitish  down,  and  terminated 
with  several  filiform,  lanuginous  and  deciduous  stigmas. 
The  Castanca  chrysophylla  of  Douglas,  if  not  the  same 
plant,  appears  to  be  another  species  of  this  section  or 
genus. 

Plate  V. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  acorn. 


M 


ii 


W9r-' 


()  Here  UK  I/Ctnia 


I.tuis  (fak 


C/renf  ilr  I, I'll' 


ht}'-:^ 


!mf?r 


-£ 


•«' — I- — 


QIJ 


ae 


\:v 


I.KA'S  OAK. 


QlJKUCl'S  Lkana,  /o/iis  inetnhraudCt'i.Sy  /itni^ixsh/ie  pe/to- 
hitis,  o/j/(jn,ii[o-nr(//il)iis,  basi  I'ntinKlati.s,  siibrordulin,  sinn- 
atn-/)ln)ut/ifi(/is,(/c?nii?ii  ij^lahris,  lohis  la/is  inlcv^ris  svtacco- 
acinnhuilis;  frurtibiis  bt'cri-pcf/in'/htfi.t;  sulitariis  bini.'ive, 
crtpvla  he/nlsphcnca,  sqiiamis  ovatis  oblusift,  s^landc  sub- 
globosa  vittatasubsemi-immensUfCumumbone  brevi  r.onico. 

Op  this  remarkably  ambiguous  Oak  I  have  already 
spoken,  in  a  note  on  Q.  hctcrophylla,  having  at  that  time, 
in  concert  with  Mr.  Thomas  G.  Lea,  its  discoverer,  con- 
sidered it  as  a  variety  of  that  rare  species  or  some 
analogous  hybrid.  Other  specimens,  accompanied  with 
the  ripe  glands,  have  now  convinced  me  that  it  is  either 
a  distinct  species  or  another  strange  hybrid;  but  as  I 
am  by  no  means  satisfied  of  the  existence  of  such  spon- 
taneous mixed  races  among  our  Oaks,  I  have  taken  the 
liberty  of  giviii-T  it  as  a  species,  and  dedicating  it  to  its 
discoverer,  an  ardent  and  successful  botanist.  I  shall 
also  take  the  liberty  of  adding  a  quotation  from  Mr. 
Lea's  notes,  made  on  this  plant,  and  sent  to  mc  with  the 
specimens. 

"The  fruit  resembles  Michaux's  figure  of  Q.  hctero- 
phylla,  but  diflfers  in  being  more  depressed  and  obtuse  at 
the  summit.  The  cups,  I  think,  are  alike.  The  leaves 
are  on  longer  petioles,  but  accord  in  being  inclined  to  be 
cordate  at  base.  If  it  is  a  hybrid,  it  may  have  come 
from  the  Q.  imhricaria  or  Q.  tinctoria  or  Q.  coccinea. 
The  fruit  is  too  widely  different  from  Q.  rubra.  The 
peduncles  are  about  the  same  length  as  in  my  specimens 
of  Q.  imhricaria',  in  Michaux's  figure  of  that  species  the 
fruit  is  represented  as  sessile,  which  I  think  is  wrong. 
The  petioles  are  much  longer  than  in  Q.  imhricaria,  the 
2* 


14* 


LEA'S  OAK. 


leaves  larger  and  more  ol)tusc  at  base.  These  modifi- 
cations (if  it  is  a  liybrid)  may  be  derived  from  the  long 
petioles  and  larger  loaves  of  the  Ji/ark  iim\  Scar/rl  Oaks. 
I  think  it  does  not  partake  of  Qucrcns  phci/os,  (Willow 
Oak,)  a  species  that  does  not  grow,  to  my  knowledge, 
within  several  hundred  miles  of  this  place  (Cincinnati)." 

"I  saw  two  individuals  of  Q.  phcllos  in  the  Bartram 
garden,  which  Colonel  Carr  assured  me  were  propagated 
from  the  seed  of  the  original  Bartram  Oak.  Certainly 
our  plant  is  very  like  Michaux's  figure;  but  as  that 
appears  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Q.  phcllos,  I  think  they  must 
be  considered  distinct.  If  ours  be  a  hybrid,  it  most 
likely  comes  from  Q.  imhricaria  and  Q.  (inctoria,  or 
coccinea," 

"I  have  found  but  a  single  stock  of  this  (about  five 
years  ago).    It  grows  three  miles  north  of  Cincinnati." 

I  confess  I  see  too  little  resemblance  in  our  plant 
with  Q.  imbricaria,  to  agree  with  my  friend  Mr.  T.  Lea, 
as  to  any  hybrid  connection  with  that  remotely  allied 
species.  Betwixt  the  Grey  Oak,  (Q.  ambigiia,  Mich.,) 
and  Q.  tinctoria,  I  perceive  a  nearer  resemblance.  The 
fruit  appears  to  be  wholly  that  of  the  Grey  Oak.  The 
gland  in  both  is  striated,  and  with  a  small  conic  projec- 
tion. In  our  plant,  however,  the  base  of  the  gland  and 
that  of  the  cup  are  yellow,  indicating  its  alliance  to  Q. 
tinctoria.  The  leaf  differs  wholly  from  both  in  its  simple 
undivided  lobes,  though  the  long  petiole  and  rounded 
base  is  that  of  tinctoria.  Scarce  as  this  species  yet 
appears  to  be,  under  the  present  circumstances,  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  it  of  a  distinct  race,  with  features  as 
distinct  as  any  species  in  the  genus.  For  the  Grey  Oak 
being,  I  believe,  unknown  in  Ohio,  is  again  out  of  the 
question.  I  suspect  it  is  in  all  physical  respects  allied 
to  tinctoria,  and  would  equally  afford  a  yellow  dying 
material. 


i 


I 


by 

sm: 

Thel 

cent 

less< 

roui 

The 

by  t 

flow 

rathi 

obtu 

som( 

conii 

mers 


A  1 
gland 


LEA'S  OAK. 


■If) 


Tlic  full  grown  leaves  arc  from  5  to  5^  inches  long, 
by  3  to  3i  wide,  smooth  and  shining  above,  with  a 
small  quantity  of  deciduous  stellate  pubescence  beneath. 
The  lobes  are  about  a  single  pair  on  a  side.  The 
central  lobe  only  sometimes  again  subdivided  into  three 
lesser  lobes,  all  of  them  ending  in  bristles.  The  base  is 
rounded,  and  often  hollowed  out,  or  somewhat  sinuated. 
The  buds  arc  small  and  brown.  The  fertile  flower  often 
by  threes,  on  a  short,  thick,  common  pedicel,  the  middle 
flower  abortive.  Male  flowers  ....  not  seen.  Cups 
rather  deep,  as  in  Q.  tinctorial  with  the  scales  ovate, 
obtuse,  and  closely  imbricated.  The  acorn  roundish, 
somewhat  ovate,  broadly  striate,  with  a  short  roundish 
conic  point  or  umbo  about  half  way,  or  nearly  so,  im- 
mersed in  the  cup. 

Plate  Y.{bis.) 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  fruit.  «.  The  cup.  b.  The 
gland. 


{ 


'!o     I' 


thi| 

W 

So 

vei 

the 


de 


Tl 
Ai 
dc 
a( 
I 

C( 

k 

s 

% 
r 

{ 


r  : 


y.i 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  OAKS. 

QuERcus  MARiTiMA,  QJic  Maritime  Oak.)  The  friiit  of 
this  species,  and  sometimes  the  leaves  approach  to  the 
Willow  Oak,  but  this  is  a  low  shrubby  plant  of  the 
Southern  States,  with  sempervirent  leaves,  which  are 
very  often  deeply  and  distinctly  sinuated,  rigid,  with 
the  lobes  often  obtuse  and  niucronate. 


QuERCus    MYRTiFOLiA,  (^3Ii/rtk-kavcd    Oak.)     Of  this 
elegant  and  curious  species,  we  have  yet  no  materials 


deserving  of  a  figure. 


QuERCUS  STELLATA.    Q.  ORTUSILOBA,  MiCH.  (Po.s/  Oak.) 

The  variety  which  I  mentioned  in  the  Genera  of  North 
American  plants,  vol.  2,  p.  215,  under  the  name  of  (3. 
dcp/cssa,  rarely  exceeds  3  feet  in  height,  and  bears 
acorns  at  the  height  of  12  to  18  inches  from  the  ground. 
I  first  observed  it  on  the  hills  of  the  Missouri,  up  to  its 
confluence  with  the  river  Platte,  and  it  is  also  almost  the 
last  species  which  we  find  to  the  westward.  I  have 
since  met  with  apparently  the  same  low  variety  on  the 
gravelly  poor  hills  of  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
near  Massachusetts  Bay;  it  is  this  scrubby  growth  of 
Oak  which  still  affords  shelter  to  the  grouse  on  that 
island.  In  some  parts  of  Massachusetts,  (according  to 
Dr.  Emerson,)  the  usual  large  growth  of  this  tree  is 
occasionally  met  with.  The  species  of  Quercus  which 
I  called  Q.  Michauxii.^  is,  I  now  believe,  nothing  more 
than  a  mere  variety  of  Q.  prinus. 

Swamp  White  Oak,  (Quercus  hicolor.)     Of  this  spe- 


ii 


i     lii 


lis 


I   ■      I 


"-les  J  /irst  observed  n  ,.„  • 

»«/&  or  Soji  LclJ""""'  "'"•iMy.  which  I  eallerf  /. 

«leva(ed  forests  07,11,  f""'''    ^<  in    the  '^• 

'"'ewise  neaTphf/^^    "'''""'"'^"N^wYol    '""""P>' 

find,  are  of  „  '''P'"'«  «'"i  Boston      T^' f '"^<="'-« 

under  IL     "^  ''"»"  «>'m  as  in   o  ..^'"'  '"""es,  I 

denture  'are  f!"""^  *''««''  'o,"rd, T "''"°^'=''  "' 

Mossy-Cup   Oak    rn 

-    where  ,>!;       I"'*  ^'^^^  '»  OraLe  ^  ^'''  ^'^"^^«"- 

near  V      "'^  '^'^'^^•^^rf  t>y  Dr Tr^^f  ''^""*>^'  ^^w  York 
near   Vernon  in  c  *^       *  "O^ton,  anri  if    i       *"^^» 

""«''  <he    spe     o/rV"""'^'  ^«  Irs  ;    T?"-^ 

••"'  'he  ieave^  a  e  ,  """• "''"'«  Oak  ."g-  ,  "  /"'^ 

^•^  are  sinuatecl.  '  ^  ^«-  ^^^scolor,) 

f-r  thitf^a  ^wi  ~  -^'"Hatrr 


in 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  OAKS. 


15 


vie  with  tlie  finest  woods  known;  it  is  of  a  clear  pale 
yellow,  inclining  to  olive,  and  feathered  in  the  most 
beautiful  manner;  the  polish  is  also  equal  to  that  of  the 
finest  mahogany. 


Bartram's  Oak,  [Quercus  hclcrophylla,  Mich.  vol.  1.  pi. 
16.)  This  curious  tree,  which,  in  1837,  had  attained 
the  height  of  50  feet  and  a  circumference  of  3  feet  9 
inches,  was  inadvertently  cut  down,  and  with  it  the 
species,  if  such  it  was,  appeared  to  be  annihilated;  but 
Thomas  G.  Lea,  Esq.,  of  Cincinnati,  informs  me  "that 
several  years  ago  he  discovered  an  Oak  between  two 
and  three  miles  north  of  that  city,  the  leaves  and  fruit 
of  which  accord  with  Michaux's  figure.  The  leaves  are 
sometim*^s  larger  than  those  represented,  but  with  the 
same  ci"'  ,,  irregularly  and  coarsely  toothed,  or  sub- 
lobed,  ui  ;'i  longish  petioles,  the  margin  is  very  rarely 
entire.  I'lie  tree  is  about  25  feet  high,  and  in  a  vigor- 
ous state  of  growth.  Some  scattering  Oaks  of  other 
species  arc  in  its  immediate  neighbourhood.  I  think  it 
is  not  a  variety  of  Q.  imbricnria,  many  trees  of  which  I 
have  examined,  but  never  found  them  with  leaves  the 
least  indented.  The  Q.  /?//c//o.s"  [to  which  it  might  be 
allied]  "does  not  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  nor, 
that  I  know  of,  in  any  part  of  Ohio;  this  tree,  therefore, 
cannot  be  a  variety  of  that  species."  Its  nearest 
aflinity  appears  to  me  to  be  to  the  Querciis  amhigua  of 
Michaux,  jr.,  from  which  it  is  principally  distinguished 
by  the  narrower  and  more  simple  divisions  of  its  leaves. 


I 


The  Willow  Oak  appears  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to 
the  Cluster-Leaved  Oak  of  New  Spain,  (^Quercus  confer- 
tifiorn^)  figured  and  described  by  Humboldt  and  Bon- 
pland,  but  in  that,  though  otherwise  so  very  similar,  the 
leaves  are  hairy  beneath,  while  ours  are  perfectly 
smooth. 


16 


'['■ 


I      '! 


The  W  -  -^   ^nt.  OAKS. 

jood  are  now  brou<x1,t  froTtl  ""^  "i^^^^titios  of  this 

According  to  W,n   «    Z'^'''"  ^^e  coast  of  Wesf  PJ      ? 

/«'".'« i»  Ea.etl" ::?;  ''\  ^'■-  Oar  'ni:f 

•ibove  50  nn       ^         '^  '^"^  ^le  adds    r  i        ^ '  ^^^'^' 

Sfof  J  "fe'"es  as  We  do 

CWoFi  ?ardT:  ""  ^'"•-<'  of  ,he  Live  Oak  '    « 
on  an  air  nf        ,  '■^'"'  '"''''=''.  robed  i«\  '"  ^o""' 

"^j:  «"<!,  tha.  aecoTdrtf  "''i"™"^  <"■  "'«  Oaks  , 

Agamenticus  Moimf  .•  ^^*  ^«*^««w,  Wirrn       k 

foiinw     ^  c.  *  ^'^^i^ntani  in  York  M/t  •      ;  "'''^•A  about 
lound  at  Saco  in  ]u  •  ■'°^'^»  (Maine.)     an  ;      , 

ct  «;  ?•  ^'«^'™'  (Pin  O.^y^"  'n  York  coum' 
^""setts."    jvr«  p^^^         ^ '^K,;  js  veru  rarp  in  H/r      "^ 

--.ions  e!!eeS^~^-r'~-'"4of::^^^ 

"leyard,  and  adds,  thu  "it 

* 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  OAKS. 


17 


iks 


hardly  exceeds  20  inches  in  diameter,  and  30  feet  in 
height,"  which  is  a  circumstance  I  had  overlooked,  its 
prevailing  character  there  heing  that  of  a  shruh. 


la, 

n- 

lis 

a. 

t. 

1- 

t, 
e 


The  Oaks,  though  a  very  extensive  genus,  arc  con- 
fined to  the  Northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  nume- 
rous species  which  pervade  the  United  States,  IG  were 
discovered  by  Nee  in  Mexico  and  New  Spain,  one  of 
which,  the  Q.  agr'ifoUa  is  found  in  Upper  California;  21 
species  were  add^d  to  the  Flora  of  North  America  by 
Humboldt  and  Bonpland  found  also  in  New  Spain;  4 
species  Avere  discovered  in  Japan  by  Thunberg;  2  in 
China  by  Bunge;  1  in  Cochinchina,  and  1  in  the  island 
of  Formosa;  2  very  remarkable  species  with  lanceolate 
entire  leaves  and  very  long  spikes  of  flowers,  like  those 
of  a  Chestnut,  were  met  with  in  Nepaul  by  Wallich; 
6  other  species  likewise  exist  in  that  portion  of  India; 
Europe,  chiefly  the  southern  part.  Northern  Africa  and 
Armenia  aflford  about  28  species  and  several  varieties; 
Java,  Sumatra  and  the  Molucca  Islands  also  produce  19 
species.  Thus  it  appears,  of  the  whole  number,  (accord- 
ing to  the  enumeration  of  Willdenow  and  more  recent 
discoveries,)  the  Old  World  contains  63  species,  and 
North  America,  including  New  Spain,  about  74.  Of 
these  the  United  States  possess  about  37,  and  New 
Spain  the  same  number.  To  these  I  may  also  add  an 
additional  species  from  the  island  of  Cuba,  nearly  allied 
to  our  Southern  Grey  Oak,  (Q.  cincrca;)  this  I  propose 
to  call  after  its  discoverer,  M.  La  Sagra, 

QuERCUs  Sagr^ana,  foliis  perennantihus  ohlongo-ellip- 
iicis  ohovatisque  intarris  s.  suhlohatis  brcvi  pctiolatis  ohtusis 
nitidis  marline  revoliiiis  siibtus  tomentosis  nervosis  suhalhi- 
dis,fructibus  hinis  pediceUis  incrassatis,  cupula  hemispJiseri- 
ca,  sfjuamis  apprcssis,  nuce  ovata. 
3 


18 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  OAKS. 


Ill 


This  species  apparently  forms  a  tree.  The  leaves  are 
broader  than  those  of  the  Grey  Oak,  of  a  thick  and 
rigid  texture,  and  are  strongly  veined  both  above  and 
beneath;  they  arc  about  2^  inches  long  and  about  1  inch 
wide. 


19^ 


ADDITIONAL  OBSERVATIONS. 

In  density  and  hardness  the  Live  Oak  mucli  exceeds 
every  otlier  species  of  the  genns  hitherto  examined.     At 
first  glance,  and  aided  by  its  great  weight,  it  appears 
ahnost  hke  Lignum  Vita3.     The  sap-wood  is  of  a  pale 
brownish-yello^N ,  the  perfect  wood  of  a  pale  chestnut- 
brown,  and  the  extremely  fine  saw-dust  almost  as  bright 
a  brown  as  that  from  Mahogany.    Growing  in  a  climate 
subject  to  small  changes  of  temperature,  and  being  ever- 
green, the  woody  circles  of  annual  increment  are  very 
faint  and  obscurely  marked,  which  adds  to  the  common 
density  of  the  fibres.    These  rings,  on  young  trees,  vary 
from  1  to  2  lines  in  width,  but  in  the  older  wood  they 
are  much  narrower.     One  of  the  most  striking  features 
of  this  wood,  however,  is  the  distinctness  of  the  me- 
dullary rays  which  traverse  in  strong  and  pale  lines  the 
faint  waves  of  the  annual  increments.     For  the  first 
forty  or  fifty  years,  the  Live  Oak  appears  to  increase  in 
the  bulk  of  its  trunk,  as  fast  as  our  White  Oak;  but  after 
that  period  the  growth  is  much  more  slow;  still  the 
density  of  its  wood  is  so  great,  that,  through  a  strong 
magnifier,  the  pores  and  vessels  are  barely  visible.     In 
the  United  States  Navy  Yard,  in  this  place,  I  have  mea- 
sured a  squared  log  of  Live  Oak,  32  feet  long,  which 
probably  formed  the  trunk  of  a  tree  not  less  than  50  to 
60  feet  in  height.     The  present  value  of  moulded  Live 
Oak  varies  from  $L20  to  $1.30  and  $1.45  per  cubic 
foot.    Promiscuous  unprepared  logs  sell  from  $L20  to 
98  cents  and  $1   the  cubic  foot.     Some  very  choice 
timber  sells  as  high  as  $1.65.    This  valuable  timber  has 
been  employed  in  the  United  States  navy  between  fifty 
and  sixty  years. 
3* 


20* 


ADDITIONAL  OBSKIIVATIONS. 


Little  is  yet  known  respecting  the  southern  limits  of 
this  species  of  Oak,  thougli  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  continues  along  the  borders  of  the  Mexican  Gulf 
to  Yucatan.  Dr.  Burroughs  informs  me  that  it  is  said 
to  be  found  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Alvarado  river, 
about  seventy-five  miles  south  of  Vera  Cruz.  I  am  also 
informed  of  the  existence  of  the  Live  Oak  near  Mata- 
gorda in  Texas. 

It  is  stated  in  a  late  Texian  paper  that  an  English 
company  have  recently  landed  on  the  Brassos,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Brazoria,  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
out  Live  Oak.  They  are  said  to  have  contracted 
with  the  English  government  to  deliver  two  millions 
of  cubic  feet.  The  country  about  Brazoria  is  loaded 
with  enormous  trees,  some  of  them  casting  a  shade  of 
150  feet  in  diameter.  The  Live  Oak  extends  into  Texas 
at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  according  to  the 
observations  of  Mr.  Caspar  Wistar,  jr.,  of  Germantown. 

John  Lenthall,  Esq.,  United  States  Naval  Constructor, 
has  favoured  me  with  the  following  remarks  concerning 
the  timber  used  in  the  United  States  Navy. 

The  frames  and  principal  pieces  are  all  of  Live  Oak, 
and  the  frames  of  several  of  our  ships  that  were  cut 
from  the  islands  of  Georgia  and  on  the  coast,  thirty 
years  since,  are  still  in  an  excellent  condition,  though  in 
some  ships,  in  which  the  timber  was  cut  inland,  the 
result  is  not  so  favourable.  The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot 
varies  from  73  to  78  pounds.  This  timber  is  peculiarly 
adapted  to  ship  building,  and  is  scarcely  fit  for  anything 
else,  being  short  and  crooked,  so  that  the  timbers  are 
rarely  grain  cut. 

The  White  Oak,  used  almost  exclusively  for  plank,  is 
cut  from  the  seaboard  of  the  middle  states,  and  is  equal 
to  the  best  English  or  foreign  timber.  The  Red  Oak  is 
never  used.    The  Oak  from  Canada,  is  that  which  has 


ADDITIONAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


*21 


gcnerfilly  been  introduced  into  England,  and  from  it  a 
very  erroneous  opinion  has  been  formed  with  regard  to 
the  Oak  timber  of  the  United  States,  for  the  northern 
timber  is  much  inferior  to  that  from  the  southern  states, 
and  is  never  used.  A  cubic  foot  of  unseasoned  White 
Oak  is  from  58  to  GO  pounds,  and  seasoned,  47  to  49 
pounds.  White  Oak  timber  is  often  brought  from  the 
lakes  and  used  for  keels  and  bottom  planks;  but  for 
upper  works  that  from  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake 
Bay  is  preferred,  being  much  stronger  and  more  durable. 
This  lake  timber  is  principally  to  be  found  at  Newport. 
From  the  Delaware  river  and  Chesapeake  Bay  large 
quantities  of  White  Oak  are  likewise  shipped  for  the 
Eastern  States,  of  which  the  better  class  of  ships  are 
built.  A  great  deal  of  Pine  timber  is  also  shipped  from 
thence  for  the  same  purpose. 


The  Quercitron  is  the  bark  of  the  Qucrcus  tinctorial 
freed  from  the  epidermis.  Besides  tannin,  it  contains  a 
yellow  colouring  matter,  which  may  be  extracted  by  water, 
and  which,  on  evaporation,  yields  a  peculiar  extract  to 
the  amount  of  8  per  cent,  of  the  bark  employed.  The 
tannin  belongs  to  that  variety  which  precipitates  iron  of 
a  green  colour.  This  tannin  is  very  injurious  to  the 
colour,  because  it  is  precipitated  by  the  same  reagents 
with  the  colour,  and  imparts  to  it  a  brownish  tint.  To 
obtain  the  colouring  matter  free  from  it,  a  bladder  soft- 
ened in  water,  and  cut  into  small  pieces,  freed  from  all 
the  parts  which  are  soluble  in  water,  is  applied  to  the 
infusion  of  the  Quercitron  bark,  which  t'kes  up  the 
tannin;  or  it  may  be  precipitated  by  a  solution  of  isin- 


glass. 


According  to  Chevreul,  the  colouring  matter  which  he 
calls  Quercitrin,  although  not  a  simple  substance,  is 
obtained   by  cautiously  concentrating   an   infusion   of 


kii 


!  il 


22* 


ADDITIONAL  onSERVATlONS. 


Quercitron.  A  crystalline  substsuico  then  j)rccipit<ites, 
which,  while  yet  in  suspension  in  the  h<iui(l,  imparts  to 
it  a  pearly  appearance.  It  exhibits  a  slight  acid  re- 
action by  curcuma-paper.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  ether, 
but  more  completely  so  in  alcohol.  Water  dissolves  it; 
and  the  solution  becomes  orange-yellow  by  the  addition 
of  alkali.  The  acetate  of  lead  and  of  copper,  as  well  as 
the  protochloridc  of  tin,  precipitate  it  in  yellow  flakes. 
Sulphate  of  the  peroxide  of  iron  colours  it  at  first  olive- 
green,  and  then  causes  a  precipitate.  Sulphuiic  acid 
dissolves  Quercitrin,  and  the  greenish  orange  coloured 
solution  becomes  cloudy  by  the  addition  of  water.  ]?y 
dry  distillation  it  yields,  among  other  products,  a  liquid 
which  soon  crystallizes,  the  crystals  possessing  all  the 
properties  of  Quercitrin. 

In  the  dyeing  establishments  the  clear  yellow  colour 
is  obtained  by  precipitating  the  tannin  by  means  of  a 
solution  of  glue  or  buttermilk;  the  colouring  matter  then 
remaining  in  the  solution  is  mixed  with  the  solution  ot 
alum  and  carbonate  of  potash,  by  which  it  is  precipitated 
of  a  yellow  colour  in  combination  with  the  alumina. 
Protochloridc  of  tin  also  produces  with  it  a  strong  yel- 
low precipitate. 

QuERcus  RUBRA?  Thc  largest  Red  Oak  in  North 
America,  says  a  correspondent  of  the  Natchitoches 
Herald,  can  be  seen  on  the  plantation  of  W.  Smith,  Esq., 
eighteen  miles  from  Natchitoches,  on  the  road  leading 
to  Opelousas.  This  majestic  Oak  stands  in  the  midst 
of  a  rich  and  heavy  bottom,  on  the  Bayou  St.  Barb. 
Two  feet  from  the  ground  it  measures  forty-four  feet  in 
circumference,  and  at  six  feet,  thirty-two  feet.  The  trunk 
appears  sound  and  healthy,  and  its  height,  to  the  branches^ 
is  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet. 


ADDITIONAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


#» 


t>3 


From  Dr.  (I.  Enj^olinanii,  of  St.  Louis,  1  learn  that  the 
White  Oak,  {Q.  alba,)  and  the  llock  Chestnut  Oak,  {Q. 
montana,  Willd.,)  grow  in  that  vicinity,  wlicrc  tlierc  arc 
two  varieties  of  eacii  with  sessile  and  with  pe(hu\eulated 
fruit,  in  this  respect  agreeing  with  the  two  varieties  of 
the  Enghsii  Oak,  ((^.  rohur,)  which  have  been  considered 
as  two  species.  He  also  informs  njc  that  the  Chinquc- 
pin  Oak,  ( Q.  prhioidcs,  W  illd.;  Q.  prhius  chinatpin,  Mich. 
Sylva,  t.  11,)  grows  commonly  in  South-western  Mis- 
souri. He  also  adds,  that  the  Spanish  Oak,  (Q.  falcata,) 
he  has  only  seen  in  tiie  southern  extremity  of  Missouri; 
and  that  the  Water  Oak,  (Q.  ar/ualica,)  grows  no  nearer 
to  him  than  the  banks  of  the  Arkansa. 


1st 
b. 


In  regard  to  the  western  range  of  our  forest  trees, 
Doctor  Engelmann  informs  me,  by  letter,  that  though 
the  Chestnut  (Castanca  americanu)  does  not  grow  in  the 
immediate  valley  of  the  Mississi[)pi,  it  still  reappears 
again  in  south-western  Missouri  and  the  north-western 
portion  of  Arkansas,  where  is  also  found  the  Locust 
tree,  {Rohinia  pscndacacia.) 

The  Sweet  Gum  tree,  {Liiiuidamhar  sti/racijlua,)  he  saw 
on  the  borders  of  the  Wabash;  it  grows  also  in  Southern 
Missouri  and  all  through  Arkansas  to  the  province  of 
Texas,  but  he  has  not  seen  it  through  the  greater  part 
of  Missouri  and  Illinois. 

The  Black  Gum  tree,  (Nyssa  midtijlora,  Walt.  N.  Syl- 
vatica,  Mich.  Sylva,  t.  110,)  according  to  Dr.  Engelmann, 
is  common  in  the  southern  parts  of  Missouri. 

The  Wahoo  Elm,  (Ulmus  alata,)  Dr.  Engelmann  finds 
as  far  north  in  Missouri  as  the  vicinity  of  Herculaneum. 

Around  Cape  Girardeau,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
south  of  St.  Louis,  he  also  observes  the  Tulip  tree, 
{Liriodcjidron.) 

Beech  trees,  the  Doctor  informs  me,  he  has  not  seen 


2i' 


ADDITIONAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


%■  ■ 


west  of  the  Wabash,  except  near  Capo  Girardeau; 
they  grow  associated  witii  Pines  in  Western  Louisiana, 
and  I  have  seen  them  in  tiic  forests  which  border  the 
Arkansa. 

Chestnut  Tree,  [Castanca  nmcricana.)  The  wood  of 
this  tree  is  capable  of  receiving  a  fine  poHsh,  and  well 
selected  pieces  present  waves  and  feathered  figures  of 
considerable  beauty  and  variety,  the  more  striking  as 
they  are  seen  with  great  distinctness  through  a  pale  and 
light  ground.  Furniture  of  this  kind  may  be  seen  at 
Mr.  Grout's  cabinet  warehouse  in  Sixth  street,  in  this 
city. 


.. 


M 


U    !l 


Ihiiiff '  ( '/fi'.>itinit 


(MKhiiK'ii   :iliiii'uliii. 


(nat(ti<iiiier  ii  /f»i//f,i  4l  <io/ii' 


Pi  V! 


•%-^^* 


iii!^ 


I    ill" 


W 


Poi 


I,."^- 


' 


CHESTNUT. 

Natural  Ordcr^  AiwENTACEiE,  (Juss.)     Lin7isean  Classifica- 

tion^  MONOECIA,  POLYANDRIA. 


CASTANEA.f  (Tournefort.) 

PoLYGAMUs.  The  male  ament  elongated,  composed  of  numer- 
ous interrupted  clusters  of  flowers,  with  a  5  or  6  parted  peri- 
anth. Stamens  10  to  20.  Female  flowers  about  3  in  an  ovoid 
muricate  valvular  involucrum.  Perianth  urceolate,  5  or  6- 
cleft,  having  rudiments  of  abortive  stamens.  The  ovary 
incorporated  with  the  perianth,  the  stigma  pencillate,  exserted, 
its  divisions  rigid  and  pungent.  Nuts  1  to  3,  included  in  the 
enlarging  echinate,  4-cleft  involucrum. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs  of  temperate  Europe  and  North 
America,  with  alternate,  stipulate,  mucronately  serrated  leaves, 
and  very  long  axillary  aments.     Nuts  farinaceous,  edible. 


DWARF  CHESTNUT. 

CASTANE  A  alnipolia,  depressa,  foliis  obovatis  subacutis, 
mucronato-serratis  subciliatis  junioribus  subtus  pubescenti- 
bus,  amentis  Jiliformibus  solitariis  tomentosis. 

/g.  PuBEscENs,yb/i2S  brevtoribus,  adultis  subius  pubescens. 

Castanea  alnifolia,  Nutt.  Gen.  Am.,  vol.  2.  p.  217. 

Castanea  nana,  Elliott,  Sk.,  vol.  2.  p.  615.  (not  of  Muhl.) 

Fagus pumila,  yar.  prascox,  Walter,  Carolin.,  p.  233. 

A  SPECIES  remarkable  for  its  dwarf  growth,  and  in- 

t  So  named  from  Castanea,  a  town  of  Thessaly,  near  the 
river  Peneus,  where  large  Chestnut  trees  are  still  found. 


20 


DWARF  CHESTNUT. 


'\i\ 


':ii! 


!' 


sorted  only  to  complete  the  history  of  the  genus.  It 
rarely  exceeds  a  foot  in  height,  growing  in  small 
patches,  Avith  creeping  roots.  I  first  met  with  the 
variety  [3  in  the  vicinity  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
afterwards  the  smoother  kind,  much  more  abundant,  and 
in  flower  in  the  month  of  March,  around  Tallahassee,  in 
West  Florida. 

The  Floridian  plant  is  scarcely  a  foot  in  height,  with 
smooth  purplish-grey  branchlets;  the  leaves  obovate,  on 
very  short  petioles,  deeply  serrate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
elliptic-obovate,  Avhen  young  whitish  pubescent;  the 
adult  almost  perfectly  smooth  on  both  surfaces;  about 
3  inches  long  by  1  inch  or  more  wide.  Stipules  subulate, 
rather  persistent.  Male  amcnts  solitary,  long,  and  fili- 
form, tomentose.     The  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

The  Charleston  plant  grows  in  sandy  pine  barrens, 
and  the  nut,  which  is  solitary,  is  said  by  Elliott  to  be 
much  larger,  but  less  abundant  than  in  the  other  native 
species.  This  plant  rarely  exceeds  2  feet  in  height. 
Its  leaves  are  glossy  above,  pubescent  but  not  tomen- 
tose beneath.  Fertile  flowers  1  to  3  in  an  involucrum, 
only  one  perfected. 

The  w^ood  of  the  Chinquepin,  (C.  pumila,)  whenever 
it  can  be  obtained  large  enough  for  posts,  is  much 
valued,  as  it  is  supposed  to  be  more  durable  when 
exposed  to  the  weather  than  any  other  timber,  except 
the  Red  Cedar.   {Elliott.) 


Plate  VI. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


21 


GOLDEN  LEAVED  CHESTNUT. 


CASTANEA  cnnvsopiiYLLA,  (Dougl.  Mss.,)  foliis  sempcrvi- 
rentibus  lato-lanceolaiis  acuininatis  coriaceis  integerrimis 
glabris  suhtus  aiireo-J'arinosis.  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol. 
2.  p.  159. 

According  to  Douglas,  this  is  a  splendid  evergreen 
tree,  varying  in  height  from  20  to  70  feet,  with  leaves  4 
to  5  inciies  long,  deep  green  above,  and  below  of  a  rich 
golden-yellow.  These  leaves  are,  also,  (very  different 
from  all  the  rest  of  the  genus,)  quite  entire.  The  spikes 
or  catkins  of  flowers  scarcely  exceed  an  inch  in  length, 
including  the  peduncle,  and  they  are  solitary  in  the 
axills  of  the  upper  leaves.  Sometimes  all  the  flowers 
on  a  catkin  are  male;  sometimes  the  2  or  3  lower 
flowers  are  female.  The  fruits  are  2  or  3,  crowded, 
or  densely  covered  with  acicular  prickles.  Said  to  be 
common  at  the  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Columbia,  Cape 
Orford,  and  near  Mount  Hood;  constantly  affecting  the 
hills.  This  species  rests  wholly  on  the  authority  of 
Douglas.  I  did  not  meet  with  it,  nor  does  it  appear 
that  any  specimens  were  sent  to  England.  It  will  pro- 
bably prove  to  be  some  very  different  genus  to  that  of 
the  present. 


H 


BIRCH. 

Natural  Order,  Betuline^e,  (Richard.)  Linnxan  Classifi- 
cation, MoNffiCIA,  POLYANDRIA. 

BETULA.t    (Linn.) 

Male  flowers  in  long  cylindric  amcnts.  Scales  in  a  double 
series,  the  inner  by  3's,  l-flowercd;  stamens  G  to  12.  Female 
flowers  with  ovoid  or  oval  amcnts;  the  scales  trifid,  1  to  3- 
flovvered.  Styles  2.  Nuts  minute,  compressed,  1-seeded, 
edged  with  an  alated  thin  margin. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
on  both  continents  with  the  bark  often  exfoliating  in  thin  cir- 
cular plates.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  or  deltoid,  serrated;  pro- 
ducing stipules;  aments  axillary. 

WESTERN  BIRCH. 

BETULA  occiDENTALis;  ramis  resinoso-verrucosis,  foliis 
lata  rhombeo-ovatis  sublobatis  inciso-serratis  hirsutulis, 
subtus  '^.  ullidioribus  punctatis,  nervis  remotis,  amentis  fce- 
mineis  lato-cylindraceis  squamis  lobis  lateralibus  ovatis 
intcrmedio  longiore. 

Betula  occidenlalis.     Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol.  2.  p.  155. 

This  low  species  of  Birch,  only  6  to  10  feet  high,  was 
first  observed  westward,  near  the  sources  of  the  Sweet- 
Water,  a  northern  branch  of  the  Platte,  and  where  it 
penetrates  into  the  first  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
On  the  borders  of  this  clear  stream,  diminished  to  a 
small  purling  brook,  and  accompanied  by  clumps  of 
willows,  we  first  saw  it  growing.     According  to  Drum- 

f  Supposed  to  be  derived  from  Betii,  the  Celtic  name  for  the 
Birch. 


5'»t#5:' 


M&», 


riM- 


'.*••<"• 


;it 


«    hm-^^. 


m 
"J^^^ 


'',-  ';'"•>-* 


•ft* 


'W  '4iP^''' 


.      j^'^'..!  ,. 


JlvsU'i'ii 


Ilcslci'/i    lih't'/l  . 


IW'tula  (MM'idt'uljilis 


/Itnt/rau  I'tcni^niii/ 


;ii! 


tai 


I)f 

of 


COI 


virl 
spi 
brr 
del 
my 
son 
abo 
ncr 
witl 
on, 
cim 
(Th 
2  to 
star 
seal 
leng 
at  t 
atec 
linci 
bro{ 
sum 
1 
diar 
The 


VVESTEUN  nilKJII. 


23 


moud,  it  occurs  on  the  cast  side  of  tlio  Uockv  Moun- 
tains down  to  Jidinonton  House.  Douglas  found  it  near 
springs  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  and 
Doctor  Scouler  met  witii  it  in  Oregon,  near  to  tlie  straits 
of  Juan  dc  Fuca;  it  also  grows  near  Walla-W'aHa,  and 
continues  up  the  Oregon  to  the  country  of  the  Tlut- 
heads. 

The  principal  branches  arc  erect  and  somewhat 
virgatc,  clothed  with  a  bright  brown  bark,  copiously 
sprinkled  with  small  resinous  warts,  so  as  to  render  the 
branches  rough  to  the  touch.  The  leaves  are  somewhat 
deltoid,  or  rhomboidly-ovate,  on  shortish  petioles  (in 
my  specimens),  acute,  but  not  acuminate,  sharply  and 
somewhat  unequally  -errated,  and  very  slightly  lobed, 
above  somewhat  glutinous,  with  very  few  piimated 
nerves,  below  paler;  the  midrib  and  nerves  sprinkled 
with  a  few  long  hirsute  hairs,  which  are  also  seen  above, 
on,  and  near  the  petiole.  The  leaves,  in  flowering  spe- 
cimens, arc  only  about  l.V  inches  long  by  an  inch  wide. 
(The  adult  leaves  described  by  Hooker,  Jirc  much  larger, 
2  to  2^  inches  long.)  The  aments  are  cylindric,  in  the 
staminiferous  plant,  composed  of  a  double  series  of 
scales.  Female  aments  pedunculated,  cylindric,  at 
length  drooping,  often  accompanied  by  a  very  small  leaf 
at  the  base;  the  scales  trifid  and  dilated,  strongly  cili- 
ated, the  lateral  lobes  ovate;  the  central  one  nearly 
linear  and  longer;  3  germs  beneatli  each  scale.  Nuts 
broadly  winged.  Styles  2,  very  long  and  subulate; 
summit  of  the  germ  pubescent. 

The  trunk  of  this  species  is  only  a  few  inches  in 
diameter,  so  that  it  scarcely  ranks  with  proper  trees. 
The  leaves  are  bitter  to  the  taste. 

Plate  VII. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  seed  vessel. 


'^1 


OVAL-LEAVED  BIRCH. 

IJETULA  nnoMniKoi.iA,  raniis  rrsinosis  i^racUihus,  foltis 
,snftr/in/nf)()i(/('(i-oi'if/ifn(\,  riw  (icitti.s,  ifrossr.  .v(vvv///.v,  unhliis 
pallidiorihus  cjninctuti.s;  rciu'.s  pilo.siusciilis  ainviitis  fuini- 
ncis  ctjliiidrdceis,  aquamis  Iripurtitis  }:;l(tbriunculis  lohis 
oi'titis  laleralibtis  hrcvihus. 

This  is  a  still  more  humble  slirub  than  the  prcccdinjr, 
which  it  somewliat  resembles.  It  <frows  in  the  central 
Rocky  Mountain  range,  and  continues  more  or  less  to 
the  banks  of  the  Oregon.  It  is  spreading  and  somewhat 
decumbent,  with  slender  brown  twigs,  which,  when 
young,  are  more  or  less  covered  with  resinous  atoms. 
The  leaves,  with  their  petioles,  which  arc  2  or  3  lines, 
are  not  more  than  an  inch  long  by  \  an  inch  wide, 
oval,  and  somewhat  rhombic,  deeply,  sharply,  and 
almost  equally  serrate,  rounded,  but  still  generally  acute, 
smooth  above,  paler  beneath,  with  a  very  few  distant 
nerves,  somewhat  hairy  along  their  margins  beneath. 
External  scales  of  the  male  aments  ovate,  and  ciliatc. 
Stamens  about  G.  Female  aments  with  nearly  smooth, 
deeply  3-parted  scales,  of  which  the  central  division  is 
the  longest.    I  have  not  seen  the  ripe  fruit. 


Plate  VIII. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  seed  vessel. 


Obs.  On  the  summit  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire  grows  the  Bdula  nana  of  Europe,  found 
there  by  Mr.  Oakes  as  well  as  myself. 

Mr.  Charles  Pickering  also  collected  a  specimen  on 


;/.v 


his 
iiii- 


ral 
to 
at 
un 

IS. 


id 


It 


:*'i. 


i 


I 


My//  /ein 


III. 


n 


M 

ff^^ 

J 

^^^r         ^^^^^^^^^ijm^      i^Bt^Kt^lHtKt^ML^ 

{ 

^^^^M  Ik 

U«>tulii   i*li<)Jtil)iroli:i  . 

(haf  leiiyeJ  /iiri'h 

Ili>il/eau  (I  /'rri//>'if  i>i;./fs 

thosi 
cosa\ 
Ir 
now  I 
is  a| 
Statl 

Ci 
Thisi 
the 
Dr. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  BIRCH. 


'So 


those  mountains,  which  appears  to  be  the  Betulafniti- 
cosa  of  Pallas,  first  found  in  Siberia. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  besides  the  two  species 
now  described,  we  met  with  the  Bclula  glandidosa,  which 
is  also  found  on  the  high  mountains  of  the  United 
States. 


Canoe  Birch,  or  Paper  Birch,  (Bctula  papyracca.) 
This  very  useful  species  of  Birch  to  the  aborigines  of 
the  north,  is  found,  according  to  the  observations  of 
Dr.  Richardson,  as  far  as  the  65th  degree  of  latitude. 

White  Birch,  (Bctula  popiilifolia.)  Kooker  very 
justly  remarks  the  near  affinity  which  this  species  bears 
to  the  common  European  Birch,  (J5.  alba.)  The  general 
aspect  is  the  same.  In  our  plant,  however,  the  leaves 
have  longer  ocuminated  points,  and  smaller  fertile  cat- 
kins. The  scale  of  the  same  catkin  in  ours,  is  also 
comparatively  smaller  and  shorter  clawed,  with  the 
middle  lobe  acute  and  much  smaller  than  the  lateral 
lobes,  whereas,  in  the  European  Birch,  the  lobes  are 
nearly  all  equal  and  obtuse. 


Ml 


i  I 


ALDERS. 

Natural  Order,  AiWENTACEyE,  (Jussieu.)     Lhinsean  Classi- 
Jication,  Mon(ecia,  Tetrandria. 

Genus  ALNUS.     (Tournefort,  Decandolle.) 

Character.  The  flowers  are  moncecions,  (or  of  two  different 
kinds  on  the  same  plant,)  disposed  in  catkins,  (or  cylindric 
spikes  of  short  duration,)  those  producing  the  stamens  are 
long  and  cylindric;  those  of  the  fruit  or  seed  are  ovoid  or 
globular,  produced  upon  branching  peduncles.  The  scales  of 
the  male  flower  are  pedicellated,  and  in  the  form  of  an  in- 
verted heart,  bearing  beneath  each  3  lesser  scales;  the  proper 
flowers  are  situated  at  the  base  of  each  of  these,  and  are  com- 
posed of  a  cup  with  4  lobes  and  4  stamens.  The  scales  of  the 
fruiting  catkins  are  wedge-shaped,  hard,  and  persistent.  The 
ovary  is  compressed,  and  bears  2  long  stigmas.  The  envelope 
of  the  seed  is  hard,  with  a  border  which  is  either  thick  or 
membranaceous,  and  presents  2  cells  with  2  seeds;  the  ovules 
in  the  germ  arc  about  4,  or  2  in  a  cell,  3  of  them  usually 
abortive. 

The  plants  of  this  small  genus,  confined  to  the  temperate 
or  colder  parts  of  Europe  and  North  America,  are  either  shrubs 
or  trees,  with  deciduous  leaves,  generally  growing  by  streams,  or 
in  cool  and  humid  places.  As  trees  they  seldom  attain  a  greater 
elevation  than  30  to  40  feet;  the  wood  is  hard  and  yellowish, 
becoming  of  a  brownish-red,  nearly  like  mahogany,  when  ex- 
posed to  the  air,  and  capable  of  acquiring  a  fine  polish.  When 
stained  black  it  resembles  ebony,  and  it  is  capable  of  enduring 
moisture  for  a  great  length  of  time. 

The  Alders  may  be  divided  into  the  two  following  sections; 
in  both  the  peduncles  are  subdivided. 


-iisees!*-- 


ALDERS. 


27 


( 


§  1.   Th,  ^ml-ve,,cl/ur,u,hed  with  „  membrana.eon.  wh,^,J 

irvrr" "" '""'" "' '"' '-'"' '""-'  -'- "' 

The  White  Alder,  {^hms  incana.) 
The  Oregon  Alder,  {Mmts  Ore<rona.) 
The  Heart-leaved  Alder,  {Mms  corduta.) 
Mountain  Alder,  {^bms  viridis.) 

k  II.   The  margin  of  the  seed-vessel  thiek  and  opaque,  and 
with  the  sca.es  oftheJruUlng  ament  distinetly  loll: 
Common  Alder.  {Jilnus  glutinosa.) 
Fme-tooth.,d  Alder,  {mnus  serrulata.) 
Sea-side  Alder,  {^biiis  marifmia.) 
Oblong-leaved  Alder,  {Jihius  oblongata.) 
Short-leaved  Aider,  {Mms  brevifolia.) 
Rhombic-leaved  Alder,  [Jilnus  rhoinhifolia.) 


, 


28 


§  I.  Fruit  alalcd. 
OREGON  ALDER. 

ALNUS  *oREGONA.;  /oNis  lato-ovatis  ritrinque  acutis,  dupli- 
cuto-sei'7'atifi  junioribus  q/utinosis,  vcnii  subtus  pubescen- 
tibus  palUiUs;  stipulis  oblongis  dccidids  glutinosis,  ramu- 
lis  glabris. 

Alnus  ghitinosa,  PuRSH,Flor.  IJor.  Am.,vol.  2.  p.  623, (in  part.) 

Thih  tree,  like  the  common  Alder  of  Em'ope,  n.ttfiins 
the  height  of  30  or  40  feet,  with  an  erect  smooth  trunk 
o)  small  diameter,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  similar  to 
tiiat  of  the  European  species,  and  might,  no  douht,  be 
coployed  for  the  same  purposes;  it  is,  however,  lighter 
ill  colour,  but  of  a  close  grain. 

Vs  an  ornamental  tree,  it  is  well  worth  attention,  pro- 
ducing an  elegant  erect  top,  and  affording  considerable 
shade  by  the  largeness  of  its  leaves,  which  are  about  3 
inches  long  by  2\  wide.  We  found  it,  as  usual  with 
the  plants  of  this  genus,  growing  along  the  borders  of 
small  clear  brooks,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Wahla- 
met,  but  seldom,  if  ever,  on  the  banks  of  the  larger 
streams  which  are  subject  to  inundation.  In  our  pro- 
gress to  the  Weiit,  we  first  observed  this  tree  on  the 
borders  of  the  rivers  Boisee  and  Brulee,  which  pass  into 
the  Shoshon.:c,  not  far  from  Walla- Wc  11a,  and  at  inter- 
vals it  co(;tinues  more  or  less  common  to  Point  Chin- 
hook,  ncur  the  shores  of  tlic  Parific. 

The  twigs  are  smooth  and  oi  a  brown  colour,  and  the 
young  buds  of  every  kind  resinous,  as  well  as  the  uppe^ 
surface  of  the  younger  leaves;  beneath,  the  leaves  arc 
more  or  less  pubescent,  particularly  along  the  veins, 


I'l.  IX 


h     'I 


ORFXJON  ALUEIl. 


20 


and  paler  and  olton  soinowliat  Ibrriiirinous.  Tlic  veins 
are  v(n'v  stronifly  iiiiirked  and  prominent  beneath,  tlic 
teeth  hiry;e,  hnt  the  denlicniatiuns  nwnutc;  and  ifhindniar 
at  tlic  points.  Sometimes  tiic  leaves  are  clliptic-ovatc, 
tlic  stalks  about  the  third  of  an  ineh  long.  The  stipules 
arc  resinous,  and  disappear  >vith  the  evolution  of  the 
b»id.  The  fruiting  ament  is  roundish-ovoid,  and  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  common  Alder. 

This  species  is  nearly  allied  to  the  White  Alder,  (Al- 
nus  iiicana,)  but  dillers  sulhciently  in  its  buds,  branch- 
lets,  stipules,  and  leaves;  in  both  the  fruit  is  provided, 
as  in  the  Birch,  with  a  translucent  membr  >us  wing. 
It  appears,  likewise,  to  have  a  consideraL.  alhnity  to 
A,  acuinintita  of  IIund)oldt  and  I{onj)land,  a  tree  of  Peru, 
discovered  by  Dombey,  but  in  that  s|)ecies  the  leaves 
arc  more  lanceolate  than  ovate  and  acuminate. 

Besides  the  other  economical  uses  for  which  the 
wood  of  the  Alder  is  employed,  the  knots  furnish  a 
beautifully  veined  wood  for  cabinets;  handsome  chairs 
have  been  made  of  it,  which  acquire  the  colour  of  ma- 
hogany. In  France  it  is  used  in  making  sabots,  or 
wooden  shoes,  and  in  the  north  of  England  it  is  em- 
ployed for  the  thick  soles  of  a  kind  of  shoes  called 
clogs,  and  is  preferred  to  these  uses  in  consideration  of 
its  durability  and  lightness.  The  chips,  boiled  with  cop- 
peras, give  a  black  dye  to  wool;  and  the  leaves  have 
been  used  in  tanning;  sheep  will  browse  on  them  and 
on  the  smaller  branches. 


n 


Plate  IX. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     u.  The  secd-vcsscl. 


>5>, 


<^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


l^m  12.5 
■^  1^  12.2 
■  2.0 


140 


L25      1.4     III  1.6 

< 

6" 

». 

vl 


/ 


/A 


''W 


V 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^^^    <>' 


Mi 


WHITE  ALDER. 

ALNUS  incana;  yo/Z/.v  ohlnns;is  acutis  srthtus pnbescentibits, 
axiHis  venarwn  nndis,  stijjulis  lanceolatis.    VVilld.  Sp.  pi. 
,/ilnus  nndiilata,  Willd.    Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4.  p.  336. 
Black  Alder,  {j9/nu.<i  i^fanca,)  ]\Iich.  Sylva,  vol.  1.  p.  378. 
Betula  ^tnns,  rrispit,  Mich.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2.  p.  181. 
Betula  criftpa,  Aiton.  Kcw.,  vol.  3.  p.  339. 
Betula  a/ntis,  fi.  Linn.  Sp.  pi. 

This  species  forms  a  much  smaller  tree  than  the 
common  Alder,  being  only  12  to  18  feet  high,  and 
sometimes  indeed  a  mere  shrub,  as  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  in  Pennsylvania.  In  Massachusetts  and 
Maine  it  attains  its  greatest  size.  Its  bark  is  grey  or 
cinereous;  the  leaves  are  sometimes  villous  beneath, 
and  the  stipules  persistent  after  the  development  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  no  way  glutinous;  those  of  the  young 
plants  are  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath.  It  is  common 
to  the  mountainous  parts  of  Europe  nor  less  than  to  the 
northern  parts  of  the  United  States-  It  occurs  likeM'isc 
in  this  vicinity. 


MOUNTAIN  ALDER. 

ALNUS  viRiDis,  (Decandolle;)  /oliis  rotiindato-ovatis  ir- 
regulariter  argute  serratis  glahriusciilis,  stipiilis  ovatis 
niemhranaceis  deciduh;  fructihua  late  alatis. 

„Qln}is  turidis,  Decandolle,  Flore  Fraiitj-aise,  vol.  3.  p.  304. 

Betula  viridis,  Villaks,  Dauphin,  vol.  4.  p.  789. 

Betula  ovata,  Schrank,  Salisli.  p.  2ri. 


MOUNTAIN  ALDEIl. 


M 


Betuln  incanay  jk.  Lamarck,  Dirt.,  vol.  1.  j).  J^.l. 
JlhiMS  tJ/jiina  Tuinor,  IJai'iiin's  Pinax,  p.  Jii.s. 

Labrador,  the  clcvutcd  summits  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  ll!impshire,t  and  the  tops  of  the  liigli 
mountains  of  North  Carolina:}:  are  tlic  only  locahtics  on 
this  continent  where  the  Mountain  Alder  has  yet  heen 
found.  It  occurs,  likewise,  in  the  Alps  of  Switzerland, 
at  an  elevation  of  between  4  and  5000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  where  it  frequently  forms  a  small  tree 
about  G  feet  in  hei<,dit.  In  the  White  Mountains  its 
stature  is  much  more  depressed,  and  it  is  of  rare  ocur- 
rence.  It  grows  likewise  in  the  barren  and  cold  climate 
of  Kamtschatka. 

The  wood  is  white,  and  the  branches  arc  covered 
with  a  cinereous  smooth  bark.  The  leaf  is  near  2  inches 
long  and  li  wide,  nearly  smooth  on  both  sides,  but 
generally  somewhat  hairy  along  the  veins  beneath, 
rather  acute,  with  numerous  sharp  small  and  irregular 
serratures,  but  not  doubly  serrate.  The  male  catkins 
arc  long,  and  grow  2  or  3  together  at  the  extremities  of 
the  twigs;  each  scale  contains  3  tctrandrous  flowers,  as 
usual  in  the  genus.  The  fertile  aments  are  roundish 
and  elliptic,  about  3  together  and  terminal,  the  scales 
are  truncated  and  obscurely  lobed  at  the  extremities; 
the  fruit,  like  that  of  the  liirch,  is  furnished  with  a  broad, 
thin,  conspicuous  winged  margin. 

f  A  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences in  Philadelphia,  was  discovered  on  the  White  Mountains 
by  my  friend  Charles  Pickering,  at  an  elevation  of  4000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

t  Recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Gray  and  Mr.  Curtis. 


I 


1 


:\'2 


§  II.   Fruit  not  altifrd;  the  mar<y}n  oparptr. 

THIN  rj:AVi:D  ali)i:r. 

ALNl'S  TKNMriKor.i a;  fi)liis  liiht-ovtiUs  suhdculis  diipllcalo- 
crviiiitis  !j;/(ifiri.\  liiisi  rat  ii  mini  is  loiii:;!'  jiilioliitis,  .s/ijiiitis 
dvcidiiis,  pi'ddnculi.sfivininri.s  i/itjt/iai/n-iut/no.si.s. 

Tins  v(M*v  distinct  s|)(>cics  of  Alder  wliicli  nrmiif^os 
>vitli  our  coimnoii  spccios,  (.1.  scnii/<(/(i,)  uas  inct  with 
on  \\w  borders  of  small  streams  uitliiii  tlie  ran^e  of  tlic 
Koeky  Mountains,  and  afterwards  in  the  valiies  of  the 
nhic  Mountains  of  Oregon,  a  eliain  wliieli  may  be  called, 
us  it  were,  in  comj)arison  of  their  elevation,  the  Allc- 
jjhanies  of  the  West. 

This  species  falls  short  of  the  character  of  a  tree,  but 
yet  it  is  scarcely  inferior  in  size  witii  our  common  spe- 
cies, ^irowinu:  to  about  the  heiiiht  of  a  man,  with  numc- 
rous  short  brandies,  covered  with  a  smooth  n;roy  bark. 
The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  loni^  by  li  wide,  with 
slender  petioles,  from  a  iialf  to  i  of  an  inch  in  length; 
they  are  of  a  thin  consistence,  and  usually  smooth,  with 
obtuse  denticulations.  The  fruitini!;  branches  arc  often 
subdivided,  each  branch  bearing  from  13  to  5  small 
roundish  ovate  aments,  of  which  the  scales  are  very 
distinctly  lobed.  The  fruit  is  unusually  small  and  ellip- 
tic, terminated  by  the  2  remaining  styles,  and  having  a 
thin  opaque  margin. 

Plate  X. 

A  branch  ol"  iIk-  luilural  size.     it.  The  fruit. 


I 


fo- 
ils 


PS 

th 

IC 

le 


:'^^- 


C!- 


It 


%, 

<»;^.^'' 

* 

.-- 

1, 

1 

\        ' 

-^ 

5t 

< 

« 

77a,t 

t^^tr    Hf'lt 


4i       tt44l/l$- 


33 


RHOMBIC  LEAVED  ALDER. 

ALNUS  nnoMniPoMA;  foliis  suhrhomfmhho.orulis  ohlnsi,,,- 
cults  ff/ntu,fm,s  basi  aculis,  sulu/uplicutn.sen'ulalis  .srrru/u- 
r,s  crehris  acuth,  ,ubtus  puhvrulis  a.rillLs  vcnarum  uaUi,, 
stijmlis  ohlonsrh  vietnhranaceis  livciditis. 

I  OBSERVED  this  spccics,  a  Kircrc  shrub,  ill  the  vicinity 

of  Monterey,  in  Upper  Cahlbrnia.     Its  nearest  rehition 

appears   to  be  to  the  European  Alder,  (.i.  <rl,aimmu) 

rom  which,  however,  it  is  abundantly  distinct.    The 

iruit  I  have  not  seen. 

The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  long  and  U  wide, 
glutinous,  beneath  nearly  the  same  colour  as  above, 
and  pubescent  along  the  veins;  the  petioles  are  not  more* 
than  about  2  lines  long.  The  twigs  are  smooth  and 
brownish.  It  appears  to  be  allied  to  the  oblong-leaved 
Alder  {A.  oblongata)  of  the  South  of  Europe. 


34 


si:a  sidi:  afj)i:u. 

ALNTS  makitima;  foliis  ovalihiis  if/ahris  srrratis  ohtrmis  rel 

ucttviiitiitis,  ha.si  ucutis,  sKhtna  J'vmtnincis;  nrncnlis  Jhini- 

lu'is  nKij'imiHy  ,s(/U(imis  (lii/)lir(ito-t(ih<ttis. 
Ai.Ni's  mahi'iima;  Jhliis  oralis  .scrrutis,  bust  aculis.     Mini,. 

Mss.  Oljscrvalioiics  llolaiiira-  di-  I'laiitis  Am.  Scptcnt.  j).  lf».'J. 

(ir>  the  l^ihrary  of  I  he  Acad.  Nat.  So.  Philad.)  and  Ilcihariuin. 

A  si'RciMEN  of  tlii.s  very  distinct  spccios  of  Aider  was 
collected  on  the  Kastr  shore  of  Maryland,  by  my 
friend  Charles  Pickering.  It  ha.s  the  a|)|)earance  of 
beinjj  a  low  shrub,  with  .slender  snu)oth  brnnches.  The 
leaves  arc  !2i  to  3  inches  long  by  \k  or  more  wide,  of 
an  elegant  well  defined  oval  outline,  and  supported  upon 
longish  petioles;  the  young  buds  and  leaves,  alter  the 
manner  of  the  genus,  arc  slightly  glutinous;  the  nerv- 
ings  very  slender,  serraturcs  shallow,  and  in  the  larger 
leaves  rather  remote;  the  uppermost  leaves  on  the  in- 
fertile shoots  arc  acuminated,  and,  at  first  glance,  look 
almost  like  the  leaves  of  a  Camellia.  The  male  catkins 
are  unknown,  as  arc  the  stipules,  which  are  probably 
small.  The  fertile  anient  in  size  and  general  appear- 
ance might  be  taken  for  the  strobile  or  cone  of  a  Spruce; 
it  is  about  the  size  of  a  Hop  cluster,  nearly  black,  with 
the  scales  very  thick  and  deeply  and  obviously  lobed. 
The  carpel  is  small  in  proportion,  and  with  a  thick 
opaque  and  obscure  margin,  as  in  A.  scrruhila. 

Plate  X. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     ii.  The  seed  vessel. 


AliiiiH  iii:ii-ilitir;i 


!      1 


!■  i 


% 


:i  I 


f^/wi/i/c  /<<ii-e</  fift/i  Or/Ill'  i>/>iu/ite 


I'l  .sM. 


N 


i    ii? 

■      if! 


s 
I. 


] 

rio] 

lie 

of  ( 

spe( 

the 

opci 

pro) 

for  1 

ally 

only 

brea 

scab 

and 

mari: 

leaf^ 


E  L  l^^  s . 

Natural  Order,  T^mac.^,.  (A|i,bel.)     Lhnnran  C/assl/ira- 
fioii,  Penta.ndria,  Digyma. 


ULMUS. 


(LlN\.) 


OPAQUE  LEAVED  ELM. 

ITLMIJS  -opaca;  fo/li,  partus  ohlongo-ovatis  abtusis  scabris 

hesccnUbus,  JloribusMcicuiatis,fr.ctibus  LsJls         ' 

In  the  summer  of  1818,  on  my  journey  into  the  inte- 
nor  of  the  territory  of  Arkansa  and  on  the  phuns  of 
Ked  Rn-er,    near   its   confluence  with    the   Kiamesha, 
1100  ni.lcs  up  the  former  stream  I  had  the  satisfaction 
of  discovering  this  curious  Elm,  whicli,  hke  our  other 
species,  forms  a  majestic  and  spreading  forest  tree  of 
the  dimensions  of  an  ordinary  Oak.     In  tliose  dry  and 
open  savannahs,  the  sliade  of  this  densely  verdant  tree 
proved  more  tiian  usually  acceptahle.     It  is  remarkable 
for  the  sma  Iness  and  thickness  of  its  oblique  and  usu- 
ally blunt    leaves,  which,  with    their   short  stalks,  are 
only  about  an  inch  in  length  by  half  that  dimension  in 
breadth;  they  are  also  very  numerous,  close  together, 
scabrous,  with  minute  papilte,  of  a  deep  green  above 
and  somewJiat  shining,  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  the 
margin  with  shallow  double  denticulations;  beneath,  the 
leaf  ,s  paler,  a   little  brownish,  with  strong  pennate, 


I 


36 


Ol'AUUR  LEAVED  ELM. 


simplo,  or  forkod  norvcs;  tlic  base  of  the  leaf  is  oblique, 
as  well  as  the  wliole  outline,  and  one  half  of  the  leaf  is 
much  narrower  than  the  other;  the  nerves  are  pubes- 
cent. Tiie  young  branches  are  smooth  and  brownish. 
The  leaves,  before  complete  development,  are  canes- 
cently  tomentosc  and  attended  by  large  oblong  mem- 
branous brown  stipules.  The  taste  of  the  plant  is  astrin- 
gent, but  no  way  nmcilaginous. 

This  remarkable  species  appears  to  be  nearly  allied 
to  Ulmus  chhicims,  judging  from  the  short  description  in 
Persoon  and  Duhamcl.  The  flowers  are  fasciculated  in 
small  numbers  and  on  short  peduncles.  The  samara  is 
elliptic,  rather  deeply  bifid  at  the  summit,  covered  with 
a  dense  and  somewhat  ferruginous  pubescence  even 
when  ripe. 

Of  the  uses  and  quality  of  the  timber  of  this  species, 
I  am  unable  to  speak  from  experience,  as  it  grew  re- 
niote  from  the  settlements  at  that  time  established  in 
the  territory.  The  density  of  shade  produced  by  it,  so 
crowded  with  rigid  leaves,  and  the  peculiarity  of  its 
appearance,  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  the  nurseries  of  the 
curious,  and  it  is  probably  quite  hardy  enough  for  all 
temperate  climates.    To  this  species  Virgil's  epithet — 

"  Foecundae  frondibus  ulmi" — 

might  more  justly  be  applied  than  to  any  other. 


Plate  XL 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


.N 


Tlvotnas'i'KbiU- 


rimus  I'luM'iiMtsa. 


0, 


•i/Wy'  u-y/  'i/jpe' 


IM   Xll 


..•<'^ 


fl  'v 


^ 


'f '4' 


M??f? 


M    . 


i, 


*?*«i  '"\ 


1    -     'T  *    Ht  •  »■» 


.vt... 


w 


ir 

V( 

Y 

E 

^ 

h 

th 

pr 

• 

L( 

on 

alj 

ce 

in 

to 

of 

be 

tir 

If 

V€ 

th 

of 

* 

w 

;n 


THOMAS'  i:lm. 

ULMUS  iiACKMos A,('l'rn)M.\s;)y(;///,y  nvatis  acuminalis  ilupli- 
ento-sert'dtis  s^lithris  suhtus  pubcsvcntibus;  Jlnrihus  raccmo- 
sis  J'dsciculalis. 

Ulmi's  uArKMdsA,  flowors  in  racomos;  pi'diccls  in  distinct 
fiisciidi's,  united  at  tlicir  Ijasos;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  duui)ly 
scrrati!,  f^la!)ruus  above,  [minutely)  pubescent  benealii;  sti^r- 
mas  recurved.  Katon's  North  An>.  Hot.  (ed.  «.)  p.  Kil. 
Tho.mas,  in  Sillinian's  .lourn.  Sci.,  vol.  19.  p.  170,  with  a  Plate. 

This  species,  conroiinded  witli  our  other  Kims,  is,  ac- 
cordintr  to  Professor  Torrcy,  an  abundrtiit  species  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  probably  of 
the  Western  States  generally.  Mr.  Thomas,  its  disco- 
verer, found  it  in  Cayuga  county,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  in  the  adjacent  country.  According  to  G.  H. 
Emerson,  Esq.,  Mr.  Oakcs,  he  believes,  has  obtained 
specimens  from  Vermont,  collected  by  Dr.  Uobbins,  so 
that  it  is  probably  a  northern  and  western  species. 

The  lower  stout  branches,  according  to  Mr.  Thomas, 
produce  corky  excrescences  like  the  Wahoo  Elm. 
Leaves  broad-ovate  acuminate,  obliquely  auriculated  on 
one  side,  doubly  serrate,  smooth,  and  somewhat  shining 
above,  with  the  under  surface  and  ribs  minutv:ly  pubes- 
cent. The  flowers,  unlike  any  other  Elm,  are  disposed 
in  racemes,  composed  of  several  clusters  of  2  to  4 
together  and  extending  to  the  length  of  1  to  !2i  inches, 
often  furnished  with  one  or  two  small  but  perfect  leaves 
before  the  terminal  buds  are  open;  the  flowers  dis- 
tinctly pedicellate.  Calyx  7  to  8  cleft.  Stamens  7  to 
10.  Stigmas  2,  recurved.  Samara  elliptic,  large  and 
very  pubescent,  with  the  margin  thickly  fringed,  and 
the  membrane  more  extended  on  one  side  as  indicative 
of  a  second  but  abortive  cell. 

Plate  XII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  flower,     b.  A  branch 
with  the  corky  bark. 


HICKORY. 

Nuhiml  Order  Juolande;*:,  (Dccand.)     JAinurnn  Clttssi- 
Jiattion,  MoNo:ciA,  Polyandria. 

CARYAt  (NuTT.  V.vix.  Am.) 

Siaminatr  flowor.s  in  very  loni^  and  loose  tcrnatc  amciits,  scales 
iml)ricate(l,  .'J-partcil.  Stamens  3  to  <i,  with  piloso  anthers. 
Fvrllli'  (lower  with  a  siiijj;U'  l-eleft  superior  herhaceous  peri- 
anth. Style  none;  stigma  partly  discoid,  iJ-lohed,  the  segments 
hifid.  Pericarp  woody,  4-valved.  Nut  mostly  somewhat 
quadrangular,  with  an  even  surface. 

Large  trees  of  North  America,  conlined  to  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extending  from  Upper  Canada  to 
Florida.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  polygamous,  in  compound  pendulous  pedunculated 
aments  appearing  with  the  leaves;  female  flowers  terminal;  the 
pericarp  opening  by  l  valves.  Nuts  edible  or  hitter,  usually 
more  or  less  quadrangular;  in  the  Pukan  even.  Pubescence 
tufted  or  stellate.  (Persoon,  as  far  back  as  1807,  divided  the 
genus  Juglans  into  the  two  natural  sections  which  it  presented; 
his  second  division  included  the  Hickories  only.  "  *  *  ,^menti.s 
masciilis  compnsitis,  tetritntlrisy) 


f  From  K*fun,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Walnut.  Hickory 
is  an  Indian  name  for  some  of  the  vSpecies  of  this  genus;  one 
of  them  was  known  to  the  Indians  by  the  name  of  Pecan  or 
Pakinv,  Rafmesque  applied  the  barbarous  name  Hickoria  to 
this  genus,  without  describing  or  limiting  it;  in  so  doing  he  has 
no  higher  claims  for  the  adoption  of  the  name  than  our  woods- 
men and  the  aborigines. 


SI- 


Ciirya   .Mt«'rtM;ii')iii 


Snii///  /i-iii/,,/  //ifAvfp-. 


Aiffffti  fh'OI  frill  I . 


I'l.VI 


f! 


.J!? 


*?k^' 


W; 


-T   V 


% 


*#■ 


^^*  - " 


-Jf 


.^''^ 


^^,^- 


•tft-. 


'sis. 


-.*. 


;jy 


§  I.  Nff(s  more  or  less  (juudnwmtlar.     IhcK 


yo  culled. 


KoiiY,  pro])crly 


SMALL  FRUITED  HICKORY 

Carj/a  ,nicrocayi,a.    Nltt.  Co,,.  Am.,  vol  "   „  ..•>,     „,„ 
T0»,  Flora  Ccst,.ica.  [Ed.  all.]  p.  .^.i,  '    "      ''"'■'•■'■•'- 

J>.gluu,  alba  o^iorata.  Iial«,„  Hieko,y.  M«,,„,>u„  p.  68. 

Tms  species,  allied  to  C.  tomcnto,,,,  or  the  common 
H.cko.-y,  becomes  a  fine  lofty  spreading  tree  fiO  to  SOfeet 
h.g .,  havng  a  d.ametcr  of  18  inches  to  2  feet  or  more 

r  s::,:x„''t;, '  *"'  ''^"'''  ■'  -  "-=  ^-"  "^ 

friend  Drn  '"  """"^  ""^  Philadelphia,  and  my 

iriend  Di    Darhngton   remarks  that  it  is  frenuent  in 
mo,st  woo    ands  i„  the  vicinity  of  West  ChesS      T 
nut  ,s  of  the  same  form  nearly  as  that  of  C.  tomZ 

rail   n'ottr^h"'  '"'?  ""'"  "  """  «'-"•  ""'  "™"  y 
grows   I  beheve,  also  n,  Massachusetts,  where  I  havt 
seen  these  peculiar  nuts.    The  wood  is  ,4ite  and  tou'h 
and   possessed  of  most  of  the  good  ouaJities  whf-^ 
recommend   the  ordinary  Hickorv      tL 
remarkable  for  the  smooL^sfofts  Ja  1,TS  I 
hat  respect,  approach  C.  glabra  or  the  PiJ  NnT  bit 
they  are  every  way  larger  and  less  deeply  serrate    2  o 

a„rr? '  r™'"^'  -^^  ->-•  * '» s'of » inch:;  L: 

and  2  to  3J  „,ches  w,de,  oblong-lanceolate,  with  shallow 


40 


SMALL  FRUITED  HICKOllY. 


ll  i 


serrulutions,  smooth  on  both  sides  when  fully  expanded, 
except  a  slight  tuft  in  the  axills  of  the  nerves  beneath; 
the  under  surface  sprinkled  with  minute  resinous  parti- 
cles; the  lateral  leaflets  subsessile  and  rather  obtuse  at 
base,  the  terminal  one  with  a  short  petiole  and  attenu- 
ated below.  Aments  3  together,  upon  a  common 
peduncle,  slender,  nearly  quite  smooth,  scales  trifid,  the 
lateral  segments  ovate,  the  middle  one  long  and  linear; 
anthers  hairy,  mostly  4,  sometimes  3  or  5.  Female 
flowers  2  or  3  together,  sessile,  on  a  common  peduncle; 
segments  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  somewhat  folia- 
ccous.  Stigma  discoid,  4-lobed;  fruit  globose-ovoid, 
about  f  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  pericarp  thin,  with 
the  sutures  rather  prominent.  Nut  somewhat  quadran- 
gular with  the  shell  thin. 

By  the  leaves  it  appears  to  be  allied  to  C.  glabra,  but 
the  nut,  on  a  small  scale,  is  that  of  C.  tomentosa  or  the 
common  Hickory. 


Plate  XIII. 
A  small  branch,  reduced  about  a  third,     a.  The  nut. 


Common  Hickory,  (Carya  tomentosa,  /?.  maxima^  This 
is  a  remarkable  variety  for  the  great  size  of  its  fruit, 
which  are  as  large  as  a  moderate  apple.  It  grows  a 
few  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Elliott  also  observed 
it  on  the  sea  islands  of  South  Carolina. 


Carya  glabra,  (Juglans  glabra,  Du  Roi,  Harbk.,  vol.  1.  p. 
335.  /.  porcina,  Mich.  North  Am.  Sylva,  vol.  1.  pi.  38,) 
of  this  there  are  two  varieties,  one  with  globose,  and 
the  other  with  turbinate  fruit:  intermediate  forms  are 
also  met  with,  proving  them  to  be  no  more  than  varie- 
ties. 


41 


§  II.  Nuts  (V(n,  without  juominnil  aug/cs.     Tjfujlcts  often 
numerous, — Pkcans. 

Carya  auifustl/o/ia.  Jui>/uns  an<^ustiJo/ia,  Air.  Kcw. 
vol.  'i.  p.  'Mil.  J.  Ferau,  Muiil.  in  Nov.  Act.  Soc.  Nat. 
Scrut.  Horolin.,  vol.  3.  p.  392.  /.  olicir/ormis,  Willd.  Sp. 
PI.  4.  p.  457.  A  fine  stiitcly  tree,  tbrnicrly  cut  down  for 
tlie  sake  of  obtaining  a  single  crop  of  nuts;  remarkable 
for  its  numerous  leaflets  and  tlieir  almost  falcate  form. 
In  Massachusetts,  where  it  has  been  submitted  to  culti- 
vation, it  never  grows  beyond  the  size  of  a  shrub,  being 
every  year  more  or  less  cut  down  by  the  effects  of  the 
severe  frosts. 

Carya  Pecan.    Jughms  Pccan^  Waltkr.   J.  myristicir- 
formisf  Mich.  Sylva,  vol.  1.  pi.  39.     This  obscure  plant 
of  Walter,  may,  perhaps,  be  nothing  more  than  C.  glabra. 
Michaux's  plant  was  unknown  to  Elliott. 

Carya  amara.  Juglans  aniara,  Mich.  Sylv.,  vol.  1.  pi. 
33. 

Obs.  According  to  an  experiment  published  in  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  .Journal,  the  sap  of  the  But- 
ternut tree  {.fuglans  ciuerca)^  is  capable  of  producing  as 
much  sugar  as  that  of  the  maple.  Four  of  the  trees 
yielded  in  one  day  nine  quarts  of  sap,  which  produced 
1  i  pounds  of  sugar. 

The  Black  Walnut,  {.fuglans  nigra,)  is  met  with  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts,  particularly  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  as  around  Northampton.  Mr.  Emer- 
son says,  ''''.Juglans  nigra  I  have  found  repeatedly  as  far 
north  as  Boston.  It  is  in  Middlesex,  Worcester,  and 
Norfolk  counties"  (Massachusetts). 

On  the  banks  of  the  Sciota,  in  Ohio,  I  have  seen  a 
tree  of  fi  feet  diameter. 
6 


■w 


'< 


CAND1.EBERRY  MYRTLE. 


Natural  Order,  Myuice^t,,  (Richard.)     Linnscan  Classifi- 
cation, DlffiCIA,  TeTRANDRIA  to  OcTANDRIA. 

MYRICA,  Linn.,  (in  part.) 

Flowers  unisexual;  those  of  the  two  sexes  upon  the  same  or 
more  commonly  upon  diflcrcnt  plants.  Male  flowers  in  cylin- 
drical sessile  catkins;  each  flower  with  4  to  8  stamens,  with 
the  filaments  elongated  and  more  or  less  united  at  the  base; 
the  stamens  exserted  beyond  the  borders  of  the  dilated  short 
scale,  many  stamens  in  branching  clusters  nearly  without 
scales  at  the  summit  of  the  catkin;  bractcoles  none  in  either 
sex.  Female  flowers  in  loose,  sometimes  filiform  catkins, 
with  many  of  the  lower  scales  abortive;  scales  1-flowered, 
the  germ  naked.  Styles  2,  very  long,  linear,  and  acuminate, 
ovary  villous.  Drupe  1 -seeded,  spherical,  coated  with  a  gru- 
mose  waxy  pulp.  Nut  very  hard;  seed  erect;  embryo  without 
albumen,  the  radicle  sui)ri  lor.     Cotyledons  thick  and  oily. 

A  genus  wholly  distinct  from  Myrica  Gale,  which  is  common 
to  northern  Europe  and  North  America.  The  character  of  lunate 
scales  given  to  Myrica  by  Linnreus  applies  only  to  the  Gale, 
which  therefore  constitutes  a  genus  by  that  name.  The  rest  of  our 
species  belong  to  Myrica.  In  the  Gale,  the  fruit  is  a  small  ovate 
dry  nut,  with  an  indurated  bracte  on  either  side  of  it,  giving  it 
the  appearance  of  being  3-1obed. 

The  species  of  this  genus  arc  few;  natives  of  the  warmer  and 
colder  zones  of  both  hemispheres,  growing  generally  near  the 
sea  coast,  and  are  chiefly  shrubs,  with  alternate  persistent,  or 
annual  simple  leaves,  usually  more  or  less  serrated,  or  pinnatifid, 
and  besprinkled  with  aromatic  resinous  scales,  as  are  also  the 
scales  of  the  buds.     Catkins   axillary,  expanding  early  in  the 


'  f 


.n 


■..■v- 


Mvririi  inothd'a 


///t't/criu/s  ihii/iie  (fee 


f'if/r/-  ifii'ffitre 


%?K 


.M 


"w 


>w 


'A' 


^j" 


■r<*   .  ^4 


■-^■f: 


;JP 


,^ 


■-^^si* 


tc^^lvK 


IS 


•+"■.-'_?. 


|vfr«..4^--. 


<?f^' 


^tl^«^ 


jr 


.».. 


■2?" 


<•■'  "iii 


■*...■ 


^^-   "^ifk^ 


' 


'  -^ 


LNODOllOUS  (    \NlvLRT"KE. 


4;{ 


year.     Tliorc  arc  scvornl  spocics  in   NVpai   in  Indi     iiul  iil,  llif^ 
Cape  of  Clood  Hope.     'lUv  M.  Fat/a,  \\\i\\  a  l-roll<  il     aipc,  am^ 
nhoiit  10  stauKMis   in  loose,  ralkiiis,  will,  no  ddiibl      onstitutc    f 
din'cront  genus,  wiiich  I  propose  to  call  1"'.vva  Azuuk  a. 


INODOROUS  CANDLE  TRICE. 

MYRICA  iNonoHA;  arhnrca,  foliis  lunccolalo-cllipticis  in- 
(pffris  ohluftis  nKtrgine  rcvnlvlis  hasi  cuneatia  suhlvs  vi,r 
squamosis  plcris(]uc  imdif,  baccis  majnscvlifi  albidis. 

Myrfca  inodora,  Uahtham's  Travels  in  Florida,  &c.  p.  lori. 

MvKicA  obovata,  Ciiai'man,  MSS. 

In  the  month  of  March,  1830,  on  tlic  Imrdcrs  of  the 
Escambia,  in  West  Florida,  I  had  tlic  Ibrtuiic  to  rodis- 
covcr  this  fine  species  of  Myrica,  so  long  since  de- 
scribed by  the  amiable  and  excellent  Win.  Bartram,  near 
Taensa  Bluff,  on  the  Mobile  river,  where  he  remarks, 
August  the  5th,  1770,  (07  years  ago:)  "In  my  ex- 
cursions about  this  place,  I  observed  many  curious 
vegetable  productions,  particularly  a  species  of  Myrica, 
(^Myrica  inodora.)  This  very  beautiful  evergreen  shrub, 
which  the  French  inhabitants  call  the  Wax  tree,  grows 
in  wet  sandy  ground,  about  the  edges  of  swamps;  it 
rises  erect  9  or  10  feet,  dividing  itself  into  a  multitude 
of  nearly  erect  branches,  wiiich  are  garnished  with 
many  shining  deep  green  entire  leaves  of  a  lanceolate 
figure.  The  branches  produce  abundance  of  large  round 
berries,  which  are  covered  with  a  scale  or  coat  of  white 
wax;  no  part  of  this  plant  possesses  any  degree  of 
fragrance.  It  is  in  high  estimation  with  the  inhabitants 
for  the  production  of  wax  for  candles,  for  which  purpose 
it  answers  equally  well  with  bees-wax,  or  preferable,  as 
it  is  harder  and  more  lasting  in  burning."  Bartram's 
Travels,  p.  40,5  and  400. 

We  found  it  exactly  in  similar  situations  as  those 


>a 


44 


INODOUOlia  ('A\m.R  TRF.R. 


doscrilMul  l)y  nurtram,  niul  it  lias  also  been  (buiul  in 
Alabama  by  Dr.  Jnet,  from  whom  I  have  been  favoured 
vvitb  specimens.  It  may  witii  propriety  be  called  a  tree, 
thou',di  never  so  larjjc  a  one  as  tlie  Myrim  Faya,  or 
l''ayal  Myrtle.  Tlie  stem  sometimes  attains  tbe  tliick- 
ness  of  a  man's  arm,  and,  like  tbe  rest  of  tbe  geiuis,  it 
is  gregarious  and  forms  stout  tbickets  on  tbe  margins  of 
small  streams  and  swamps.  Tbe  berries  are  twice  as 
large  as  those  of  the  conmion  Wax  Myrtle.  Tbougb 
tbe  leaves  bavc  no  perceptible  scent,  tbey  are  not 
always  entirely  witbout  tbe  usual  scaly  resinous  glands; 
tbey  bavc  no  serratures,  and  arc  about  3  to  3.i  incbes 
long,  by  1  to  li  wide.  Tbe  bark  is  of  a  grey  colour, 
inclining  to  brown.  Tbe  male  catkins  are  unusually 
large,  as  well  as  tbe  berries,  and  tbe  leaves,  wbcn  old, 
are  as  stiff  as  in  tbe  laurel.  Tbe  stamens  beneatb  eacb 
scale  of  tbe  anient  are  8,  witb  distinct  filaments  and 
monadelpbous  at  base,  tbe  summit  of  tbe  catkin  is 
nearly  witbout  scales,  and  terminates  in  monadelpbous 
branchlets  of  stamens,  eacb  bearing  3  or  4  antbers.  Tbe 
female  catkin  is  loose,  and  tbe  lower  scales  empty;  tbe 
germ  is  pilose.  Tbe  wood  appears  compact,  fine  grain- 
ed, and  nearly  wbite.  Tbe  candles  formed  of  tbe  myrtle 
wax  burn  long,  yield  a  grateful  smell,  and  are  destitute 
of  tbe  disagreeable  scent  produced  on  extinguishing 
tallow  candles.  In  Carolina  a  kind  of  sealing  wax  has 
been  made  of  it,  and  the  root  has  been  accounted  a 
specific  in  toothache.  In  Prussia  it  has  been  cultivated 
for  the  wax. 


The  Fayal  Myrtle,  (M.  Faya,)  is  in  Fayal  tbe  princi- 
pal article  of  fuel;  it  there  attains  the  ordinary  height 
of  a  peach  tree,  with  a  more  erect  stem;  it  produces  a 
considerable  quantity  of  compact  reddish  wood.  It  is 
also  cultivated  in  rows  between  and  around  tbe  orange 


IXODORors  CANDLE  TIIKF.. 


45 


reo8  for  tlio  purpose  of  Hl.eltor  from  the  r.utin.r  sea 
breezes  winch  would  otherwise  ahrid.e  their  h<«i.rirt  and 
retard  their  ^^rowth.  All  tUo  wardens  of  the  island 
require  ti.e  same  shelter  for  which  the  ever^rrcen  laya 
.«  so  we  I  calculated,  being  perfectly  hardy  and  indi^- 
nous  to  the  Azores.  = 


^1 


Platk  XIV. 
A  branch  of  U,e  natural  size.     «.  Tin.  |,er,.y. 


^  i 


U  ■-' 


PLANE    TREE. 

Natural  Order,  PLATANBiE.     Linnwan  Classification,  Mo- 

NtECIA,  POLYANDRIA. 
PLATANUS.f       (TOURNEFORT.) 

Flowers  of  one  sex,  those  of  the  two  kinds  situated  upon  the 
same  plant,  and  each  of  them  disposed  in  spherical  amcnts  on 
pendulous  stalks,  producing  from  2  to  5  upon  each.  Male 
flowers  formed  of  minute  thickish  bractes;  the  filaments  very 
short,  situated  between  the  bractes.  Jinthers  2-celled,  attach- 
ed to  a  connectivum  broader  than  the  filament,  with  a  peltate 
summit  Female.  Pistils  numerous,  in  pairs.  Ovary  of  1- 
cell,  including  1  to  2  pendulous  ovules.  Stigmas  2,  long  and 
filiform.  Fruit  a  carpel  seated  in  a  tuft  of  articulated  hairs, 
including  1  pendulous  oblong  seed,  destitute  of  albumen. 

Lofty  deciduous  leaved  trees,  with  widely  spreading 
branches  and  a  dense  broad  foliage  having  a  pentangu- 
lar outline.  Natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  Northern  Africa, 
and  the  temperate  parts  of  North  America.  The 
species  about  3.  Leaves  alternate,  palmate;  the  bud 
concealed  beneath  a  conical  envelope  and  immersed  in 
the  base  of  the  petiole.  The  young  shoots  and  leaves 
covered  with  a  deciduous  down.  The  old  bark  at 
length  scaling  off  in  extensive  patches,  leaving  the  trunk 
smooth. 


f  The  name  is  from  the  Greek  word  platys,  broad,  in  allusion 
to  its  wide  spread  leaves  and  branches. 


o- 


I 


3 


■I  i 


I'liilstiniM  rtMM'iiitiKii 


(hMornia   liottoHittitxi 


i'fftfnti^dr  (U/i/i>rifie  ■ 


i 


%,;v.  ^ 


i 


!  If    .' 


V^i^ 


'■■r 


•11 


47 


CALIFORNIA  BUTTONWOOD,  or  PLANE. 

PLATANUS  uACKMosus;  Jbliis  qiiinquclobo-pnlmatis  basi 
truncatis  sub.miicalis  siibtus  lamiginosis  jmllidis,  laciniis 
lanceolatis  acuminatis  intcgris,  stipulis  angtdatis,  fructi- 
bus  racemosis.  Nuttall,  Mss.  in  Audubon's  Birds  of  Ame- 
rica, tab.  362. 

This  remarkably  distinct  species  of  Platanus  is  a 
native  of  Upper  California,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sta.  Bar- 
bara, where  it  puts  on  very  much  the  appearance  of 
our  common  Button  wood,  {Platanus  occidcntalis.)  As 
far  as  I  yet  know,  it  is  the  only  species  on  the  western 
coast  of  America.  It  grows  probably  farther  north,  but 
I  did  not  meet  with  it  in  the  territory  of  Oregon.  It 
tloes  not  appear  in  this  unfriendly  climate  to  arrive  at 
the  gigantic  magnitude  of  its  eastern  prototype,  though 
it  equally  affects  rich  bottom  lands  and  the  borders  of 
streams,  but  the  scarcity  of  rain,  in  this  climate,  which 
had  not  for  three  years  been  sufficient  to  encourage  the 
raising  of  crops,  and  the  consequent  disappearance  of 
water  in  most  of  the  brooks,  prevented,  no  doubt,  this 
subaquatic  tree  from  assuming  its  proper  character  in 
a  more  favourable  soil.  At  first  view  it  would  be  taken 
for  the  ordinary  species,  spreading  out  the  same  ser- 
pentine picturesque  limbs,  occasionally  denuded  of  their 
old  coat  of  bark,  and  producing  the  same  wide  and 
gigantic  trunk,  but  a  gKince  at  the  leaves  no  less  than 
the  fruit,  would  remind  the  eastern  traveller  that  he 
sojourned  in  a  new  region  of  vegetation,  and  objects 
apparently  the  most  familiar  he  met  around  him,  asso- 
ciate them  as  he  would,  were  still  wholly  strangers. 

The  leaves  not  fully  expanded  were  about  4  inches 
wide  and  the  same  in  length,  divided  more  than  half 


d8 


CALlFOUiMA  DUTTONVVOOD. 


l\ 


ii     I 


way  down  into  five  slKirp  pointed,  lanceolate  portions,  of 
which  the  two  lower  arc  the  smallest;  all  the  divisions  arc 
(jnitc  entire,  two  of  them  in  small  leaves  arc  suppressed, 
thus  producing  a  leaf  ol'  oidy  three  parts.  Ahovc,  as 
usual,  the  surface  is  at  first  clad  with  a  yellowish  copious 
down,  formed  of  ramified  hairs,  which  quickly  falls  ofT 
and  spreads  itself  in  the  atmosphere.  The  under  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  are,  however,  always  copiously  clad 
with  a  coat  of  w  hitisli  wool,  which  remains.  The  young 
leaves,  clad  in  their  hrown  pilose  clothing,  have  a  very 
uncommon  appearance,  and  feel  exactly  like  a  piece  of 
stout  thick  woollen  cloth.  The  branchlets,  petioles,  and 
peduncles  are  equally  villous.  The  male  catkins  are 
small,  less  in  size  than  peas,  full  of  long  haired  scales, 
and  with  unusually  small  anthers.  The  femnle  catkins 
are  in  racemes  of  3  to  5  in  number,  with  remarkably 
long  styles,  being  between  2  and  3  tenths  of  an  inch 
in  length,  and  persistent  on  the  ripe  balls.  The  raceme 
with  the  full  grown  balls  measures  9  inches.  The  tree 
has,  therefore,  a  very  unusual  appearance,  filled  with 
these  very  long  pendulous  racemes,  each  bearing  from 
3  to  4  or  even  5  balls,  at  the  distance  of  about  an  inch 
from  each  other.  The  stigmas  are  at  first  of  a  deep 
and  bright  brown. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  as  far  as  I  could  learn 
from  the  American  residents  at  Sta.  Barbara,  is  far 
preferable  to  that  of  the  common  Buttonwood,  being 
much  harder,  more  durable,  less  liable  to  warp,  and 
capable  of  receiving  a  good  polish;  it  is  of  a  pale  yellow- 
ish colour,  like  the  young  wood  of  the  Oriental  Plane, 
and  bears  some  resemblance  to  beech  wood  in  its  tex- 
ture. In  the  radiation  of  its  medullary  vessels,  it  resem- 
bles the  wood  of  the  common  species. 


Plate  XV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  carpel. 


UlllENTAL  PLA.M-:  TUKB. 


49 


i 


The  Oriental  Plane  (^Philttints  Orirntitlis)  (loscrvet!; 
to  be  j)huitc(l  ill  tlic  United  States  as  an  ornamental 
tree.  It  <ri-ows  to  tlic  li(Miflit  of  from  70  to  90  feet, 
with  widely  s|)readinir  branches  and  a  massive  trunk, 
formin<r  altojTether  a  m.'ijestic  ol)ject.  The  leaves  arc 
more  deeply  divided  and  indented  than  in  our  conmion 
species.  A  native  of  the  East,  where  shady  trees  arc 
not  so  abundant  as  in  North  America,  it  was  celebrated 
in  the  earliest  records  of  Grecian  history.  Xerxes,  it 
seems,  (according  to  Herodotus,)  was  so  fascinated 
with  a  beautiful  Plane  tree  which  he  found  growing  in 
Lycia,  that  he  encircled  it  with  a  ring  of  gold,  and  con- 
fided the  charge  of  it  to  one  of  the  Ten  Thousand.  He 
passed  an  entire  day  under  its  shade,  encamping  with 
his  whole  army  in  its  vicinity,  and  the  delay  so  occa- 
sioned was  believed  to  be  one  of  the  causes  of  his 
defeat.  Pausanius  (a.  d.  170)  mentions  a  Plane  tree  of 
extraordinary  size  and  beauty  in  Arcadia,  which  was 
said  to  have  been  planted  by  Menelaus,  the  husband  of 
Helen,  and  to  have  been  at  the  time  he  saw  it  1300 
years  old. 

Plane  trees  were  planted  near  all  the  public  schools 
in  Athens.  The  groves  of  Epicurus,  in  which  Aristotle 
taught  his  peripatetic  disciples;  the  shady  walks  planted 
near  the  Gymnasia  and  other  public  buildings  of  Athens; 
and  the  groves  of  Academus,  in  which  Plato  delivered 
his  celebrated  discourses,  were  all  formed  of  this  tree. 

The  remarkable  Plane  tree  at  Buyukdere,  or  the  Great 
Valley,  mentioned  by  Olivier,  tho  naturalist,  and  after 
him  by  Poucqueville,  Hobhouse,  and  various  other  wri- 
ters, has  a  trunk  that  presents  the  appearance  of  7  or  8 
trees,  having  a  common  origin,  which  Olivier  supposes 
to  be  the  stool  of  a  decayed  tree,  and  which  were  all 
connected  at  their  base.  Dr.  Walsh,  who  measured  the 
tree  in  1831,  found  the  trunk  111  feet  in  circumference 
7 


50 


ORIENTAL  PLANE  TREE. 


at  the  base,  and  its  branches  covered  a  space  of  130 
feet  in  diameter.  The  trunk  divides  into  14  branches, 
some  of  which  issue  from  below  the  present  surface  of 
the  soil,  and  some  do  not  divide  till  they  rise  7  or  8  feet 
above  it;  one  of  the  largest  is  hollowed  out  by  fire,  and 
affords  a  cabin  to  shelter  a  husbandman.  The  tree,  if 
it  can  be  considered  a  single  plant,  is  certainly  the 
largest  in  the  world.  But  what  renders  it  an  object  of 
more  than  usup.1  interest,  is  that  M.  Decandolle  conjec- 
tures it  must  be  more  than  2000  years  old. 

The  wood  of  the  Oriental  Plane  in  the  Levant  and  in 
Asia  is  used  in  carpentry,  joinery,  and  cabinet-making. 
It  is  said  to  make  beautiful  furniture,  on  account  of  the 
smoothness  of  its  grain,  and  its  susceptibility  of  re- 
ceiving a  high  polish. 

Concerning  our  common  Plane  tree  or  Buttonwood, 
(JPlatanus  occidentalism  Dr.  Darlington  remarks  in  his 
Flora  Cestrica,  page  542:  "  It  makes  a  noble  shade  in 
front  of  houses  where  it  has  room  to  develope  itself;" 
and  he  further  remarks  that  "the  ivood  is  not  much 
esteemed;  but  is  occasionally  sawed  into  joists  and 
other  lumber."  It  is  beginning  to  be  considerably  plant- 
ed as  a  shade  tree  on  the  side  walks  of  the  streets  in 
several  of  the  large  towns  of  the  United  States,  and 
being  seldom  attacked  by  insects,  and  rarely  elevating 
the  pavements,  it  is  exceedingly  well  calculated  for  this 
useful  purpose  in  a  climate  subject  to  such  ardent  sum- 
mer heats;  but,  if  the  Oriental  Plane  would  answer  the 
same  purpose,  and  it  is  easily  propagated,  we  should 
not  only  possess  an  ornamental  but  also  a  useful  tree, 
as  it  regards  the  wood.  The  finest  specimens  of  trees 
of  this  species  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  are  those 
round  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  which  were  planted 
about  the  year  1760. 


f 


h^t^  f 


A.  I 


POPLARS. 

Natural  Order,  Amentack^,  (Jussicu.)     Suborder,  Sali- 
ciNEiE.     Liimiean   Class  and  Order,  Dkecia,  Octan- 

DRIA. 


POPULUSf  Linn. 

Difficious. — ^ments  cylindric,  with  the  scales  deeply  cleft. 
Perianth  cup-shaped,  oblique,  and  entire.  Stamens  about  8, 
(or  from  30  to  100  or  more,)  inserted  on  the  scale  or  perianth. 
Fertile  florets  with  the  scales  and  perianth  as  in  the  male. 
Stigmas  3  or  4.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2  to  4-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  comose,  with  long  soft  hairs  like  wool. 

Trees  of  the  temperate  and  colder  parts  of  Europe  and  North 
America,  with  one  species  in  Asia.  The  leaves  are  alternate, 
roundish,  or  deltoidly  cordate,  the  petiole,  for  the  most  part, 
vertically  compressed  towards  the  summit,  and  often  glandular 
at  the  base;  the  flowers,  (as  in  the  Willows,  to  which  they  are 
intimately  allied,)  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

The  Poplars  are  divisible  into  two  sections  or  subgenera. 

§  1.  Those  properly  so  called,  with  about  8  stamens,  and, 
usually,  filiform  stigmas. 

§  2.  Those  with  from  30  to  100  or  more  stamens,  and  with 
broad  dilated  reniform  stigmas. — Potameria.  These  are  m  )stly 
large  trees  which  affect  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  includes  P.^pu- 
lus  Isevigata,  (P.  canadensis,  Mich,  fil.,)  P.  angulaia.  P. 
monilifera,  P.  heterophylla,  {P.  argentea,  Mich,  fil.,)  and 
probably  P.  candicans,  P.  balsamifera,  and  our  P.  angusti- 
folia. 


HI 


I  An  old  Latin  name  of  uncertain  derivation. 


5'^ 


NARROW  LEAVED  T, ALSAM  POPLAR. 

POPULTiS  anufstifoi.ia;  fitliis  ovato-lanceohitis  lanceohi' 
ti.wc  aciitis,  supcrne  uttcnuatis  pennlnprviis  cnncnloribus 
g/abri.f  adprcsso-serratis;  7'amuHs  terctibus  glabris,  gem- 
mis  resinnsis. 

P.  aiigustifulia,  Tokhev,  Lyceum  Nat.  Ilisl.  N.  York,  vol.  3. 
p.  349. 

Narroiv  Leaved  Cotton-wood,  of  Lkwis  and  Clahkk. 

As  wc  iisccnded  tlic  banks  of  the  river  Platte,  in  our 
extended  journey  to  the  West,  about  Lariniie's  Fork,  a 
northern  branch  of  that  extensive  stream,  wc  observed 
scarcely  any  other  tree  along  the  alluvial  plains  but  the 
present  and  the  Cotton-wood,  and  those  were  chiefly 
confined  to  the  islands,  a  circumstance  accounted  for 
by  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairies,  which  wholly 
strips  the  streams  of  their  margin  of  forest,  so  that  wc 
behold  far  and  wide  nothing  but  a  vast  plain,  a  sea  of 
grass  undulating  before  the  breeze,  and  the  illusion 
appears  more  sensible  by  the  fact,  that  the  only  varia- 
tion to  the  scene  is  produced  by  the  scattered  islands 
of  the  lofty  Poplar  which  gives  life  and  variety  to  the 
wild  and  boundless  landscape. 

The  height  of  this  species,  which  so  nearly  resembles 
the  Balsam  Poplar,  may  be  about  GO  to  100  feet,  having 
a  trunk  of  proportionate  diameter,  clad  like  the  Cotton- 
wood w^th  a  rough  greyish  bark.  Although  a  brittle 
and  poor  wood  for  almost  every  purpose,  it  will,  like 
ihe  Cotton-wood  of  the  Mississippi,  {Populus  angi/inta,) 
become  of  necessity  important  for  fence  and  fuel,  when- 
ever this  country  shall  become  settled,  as  scarcely  any 
other  timber  exists  in  sufficient  quantity  for  economical 


if,  • 

f 

\   ' 

/jt'A.iti/^"' ''   .  <^_'' 

,    M  ■ 

"  ♦ . 

•    .     ;,           .'♦ 

.*V' 

••   V^^'^v'^v 

r  V' 

V^.^  ' 

' 

/ 

-/••.^■.      N 

,'■• 

"  >, 

*-.v  - 

"**    s- 

1 

# 

■  r    _  ;- 

^ 

;.v 


t 


4 


i 


,  > 


^" 


NARROW  LEAVED  BALSAM  POPLAR. 


53 


purposes.     When  dry  it  burns  well,  but  is  quickly  re- 
duced to  ashes. 

Whatever  may  be  the  immediate  uses  of  the  Narrow 
Leaved  Poplar,  we  must  say,  that  in  a  country  so 
exposed  and  arid  as  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  we 
felt  grateful  for  the  shade  and  shelter  it  so  often  exclu- 
sively afforded  us,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  insigni- 
ficant willows,  that  frequently  associate  with  it.  In 
short,  we  rarely  lost  sight  of  this  tree,  which  acco  a 
nied  us  to  the  northern  soi:  ces  of  the  Platte,  pres;  .&d 
itself,  as  usual,  on  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  Colorado  of 
the  West,  along  Lewis  river,  of  the  Shoshonee,  the 
banks  of  the  Oregon  from  the  Walla-Walla  to  its 
estuary,  attaining  along  the  banks  of  this  noble  stream, 
and  its  southern  tributary  the  Wahlamet,  an  augmen- 
tion  so  great  as  to  vie  in  magnitude  with  the  tall  Cotton- 
w^ood  of  the  Mississippi,  and  to  pass  amidst  the  mighty 
forests  of  the  West,  as  one  of  the  largest  deciduous 
leaved  trees  of  the  country.  We  find  this  species  of 
Poplar  also  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  river,  from  whence  it  continues  uninter- 
ruptedly to  the  vallies  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  the 
severity  of  v/inter  the  boughs  are  collected  by  the  abo- 
rigines to  support  their  horses;  the  beaver  likewise  feeds 
upon  them  by  choice. 

Early  in  the  spring  the  balsamic  odour  of  its  resinous 
buds  may  be  perceived  far  and  wide,  and  the  shade  of 
its  tall,  round,  and  spreading  summit  invited  hosts  of 
birds  to  its  branches,  particularly  the  large  and  fine 
Band-Tailed  Pigeon,  which  feeds  with  avidity  on  its 
seed  buds  in  the  spring,  affording  them  an  abundant 
article  of  food. 

The  lesser  branches  are  rather  tough  than  brittle, 
covered  with  a  smooth  yellowish  bark.  The  leaves 
vary  on  the  same  branch,  in  this  respect,  that  the  earli- 


.'^1 


54 


COTTON-WOOD. 


est  brought  out  are  the  widest;  these  are  generally 
o>ate  and  acute,  (not  acuminated  as  in  the  Balsam 
Poplar,)  rounded  below;  afterwards  come  out  a  set  of 
lanceolate  leaves,  much  longer  than  the  others,  often 
three  inches  by  only  one  inch  wide;  these  are  acute  at 
both  ends,  and  would  pass  very  well  for  those  of  a  Wil- 
low; they  are  all  margined  with  fine  bluntish  appressed 
serratures,  and  beneath  they  are  nearly  the  same  colour 
as  above.  The  footstalks  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  are 
about  f  to  an  inch  in  length.  The  nerves  are  all  faint 
beneath  and  pennate,  with  no  appearance  of  being  3- 
nerved  at  the  base;  the  number  of  these  nerves  or  late- 
ral vessels  are  12  to  15  on  a  side,  at  least  double  the 
number  they  are  in  the  Balsam  Poplar.  The  rachis  of 
the  female  ament  is  smooth,  the  germs  much  corrugated 
in  drying,  and  the  scaly  cup  of  the  germ  very  shallow, 
not  more  than  half  the  size  of  that  of  the  species  to 
which  it  is  so  closely  allied.  Upon  the  whole  compari- 
son, we  are  satisfied  that  this  is  as  distinct  a  speci*-  as 
any  in  the  genus.  In  the  Flora  Rossica,  vol.  1 
t.  41.  B.  a  leaf  is  given  as  a  variety  of  the  Bia^uin 
Poplar  from  Altai,  very  similar  to  our  present  species. 


, 


Plate  XVI. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  capsule. 


COTTON-WOOD,  Populus  laevigata,  Willd.  (P. 
canadensis,  Mich.  Sylva,  vol.  2.  pi.  95.) 

This  species,  more  hardy  than  the  Mississippi  Cotton- 
wood, is  found  on  the  banks  of  most  of  the  western 
rivers  for  a  considerable  distance  towards  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  is  abundant  on  the  borders  of  the  Ar- 
kansa,  but  is  no  where  met  with  in  Oregon  Territory. 


BALSAM  POPLAR-AMERICAN  ASPEN. 


55 


;enerally 
Balsam 
a  set  of 
rs,  often 
acute  at 
fa  Wil- 
)pressed 
e  colour 
oles  are 
all  faint 
leing  3- 
or  late- 
uble  the 
achis  of 
rugated 
shallow, 
ecies  to 
ompari- 
eci«'  as 
1         -^ 

ecies. 


!d.   (P. 

IJotton- 
vcstern 
Rocky 
he  Ar- 

tory. 


i 


BALSAM  POPLAR,  {Pojnilus  balsam  if  era.)  In  Flora 
Rossica,  vol.  1.  p.  67  and  41,  is  given  a  figure  of  a 
Poplar  from  Daouria,  called  the  Balsam  Poplar,  which 
does  not  appear  to  be  our  plant.  The  leaves  are  wider, 
with  shorter  petioles.  This  species  stretches  into 
eastern  Siberia,  along  the  river  banks  to  the  peninsula 
of  Kamtschatka. 

AMERICAN  ASPEN,  {Populus  ircmuloidcs,  Mich. 
Fl.  Am.,  vol.  2.  p.  243.  P.  trepida,  Willd.)  This  ele- 
gant species,  of  which  the  leaves,  like  the  European 
Aspen,  tremble  and  vibrate  in  the  faintest  breeze,  is 
met  with  west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  scattering  groups, 
chiefly  in  the  ravines  of  the  mountains,  where  springs 
issue  out,  and  in  narrow  vallies,  where  considerable 
groups  of  this  tree  may  be  seen  into  the  centre  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  chain,  but  they  here  attain  a  very 
inconsiderable  magnitude,  being  seldom  thicker  than  a 
man's  arm. 

WHITE  POPLAR,  (P.  Alba,)  now  commonly  culti- 
vated with  us  for  ornament,  soon  attains  the  magnitude 
of  an  Oak.  This  wood,  remarkable  for  its  whiteness, 
is  generally  used  in  the  South  of  France  for  wainscot- 
ing and  flooring  their  houses,  and  in  England  it  is 
employed  by  turners  for  a  host  of  small  articles  and 
utensils  of  housekeeping. 

The  wood  of  various  species  of  Poplar  has  been 
employed  for  dyeing;  that  of  the  Lombardy  or  Italian 
Poplar  boiled  in  water  with  wool  communicates  a  very 
permanent  golden  yellow  colour;  other  species,  as  the 
Black,  Virginia  Poplar  and  Cotton-wood  give,  accord- 
ing to  the  length  of  time  employed,  and  the  quantity  of 
the  wood  boiled,  various  shades  of  colour,  as  that  of 
nankin,  muse,  the  colour  of  the  Vicuna,  with  other 
shades,  and  answer  conveniently  for  the  ground  of  other 
colours. 


:    I 


W  I  L  1.  O  W  S  . 

Natural  Order,  Amentace^,  (Jussieu.)  Suborder,  Sali- 
cinEjE.    Linnsoan  ClassiJI cation,  Dklcia,  Diandria,  &c. 

SALIX.t     (ToURNEFORT,  LiNN.) 

The  flowers  are  dkecious:):  or  very  rarely  monckcious,  disposed 
in  c  void  or  cylindric  catkins,  composed  of  undivided  scales, 
which  are  imbricated  over  each  other,  and  each  with  the  pis- 
tils or  stamens  form  a  flower;  at  the  base  of  these  scales  exists 
a  small  glandular  body,  which  is  either  simple  or  bifid,  and 
surrounds  the  interior  organs  of  reproduction.  In  the  midc 
flowers  there  exists  from  1  to  5,  or  even  7  to  9  stamens,  (ordi- 
narily there  are  only  2.)  In  the  female  flowers  the  ovary 
is  single,  terminated  by  a  bifid  style,  having  usually  4  stigmas. 
The  capsule  or  follicle  consists  of  1  cell  with  2  valves.  The 
seeds  are  very  numerous  and  minute,  each  terminated  by  a 
long  tuft  of  hairs  or  pappus;  the  radicle  is  inferior,  or  in  an 
inverse  position  to  that  of  the  Poplars,  to  which  they  are  so 
intimately  allied. 

The  Willows,  numerous  in  species,  are  all  (with  two 
exceptions  in  the  straits  of  Magellan  and  Peru)  natives 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  all  of  them  shruhs  or 
trees,  some  not  more  than  an  inch  in  height  above  the 
ground,  confined  to  the  highest  summits  of  lofty  moun- 

f  Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  lis,  water. 

X  A  term  used  by  Linnaeus  to  designate  a  class  of  plants  which 
have  flowers  of  different  sexes  on  two  different  individuals:  mo- 
noecia,  with  two  sorts  of  flowers  on  different  parts  of  the  same 
plant. 


t 


1 


WILLOWS. 


57 


tains;  others  attain  an  elevation  of  50  or  GO  feet.  The 
wood  is  usually  light  and  close-grained;  the  twigs  of 
several  species,  used  by  basket-makers,  are  remarkable 
for  their  pliability.  The  bark  of  most  of  the  species 
contains  a  peculiar  vegetable  principle,  called  salicine^ 
which,  for  intermittent  fevers,  is  nearly  as  serviceable 
as  Peruvian  bark,  and  the  down  of  the  seeds  has 
been  manufactured  into  a  coarse  paper.  Most  of  the 
species  aft'ect  wet  or  humid  situations,  being  common 
on  the  immediate  borders  of  brooks  and  rivers,  which 
they  fringe  with  a  luxuriant  and  agreeable  vegetation. 
The  flowers  generally  precede  the  appearance  of  the 
leaves,  and  though  not  beautiful,  they  are  seen  with 
delight,  as  the  earliest  harbingers  of  our  northern  spring. 
The  species,  more  than  200  in  number,  present  nearly 
the  same  general  form  of  foliage,  with  the  margin  entire 
or  serrated;  the  catkins  arc  lateral  or  terminal,  and  the 
stamens  are  too  variable  in  number  to  admit  of  a  classi- 
fication by  them;  there  are  some  with  only  1,  a  good 
many  with  2,  others  with  3,  1,  5,  or  even  9  or  10.  The 
capsules,  though  small,  afford  the  best  traits  of  specific 
distinction.  The  leaves  put  on  various  appearances, 
and  even  outlines,  in  the  progress  of  their  growth,  and 
the  Willows  justly  rank  among  botanists  as  the  most 
protean  and  difficult  family  of  plants  to  discriminate  in 
the  northern  hemisphere.  In  our  tour  across  the  con- 
tinent we  have  met  with  some  remarkable  species,  four 
or  five  of  which  become  trees;  we  shall  offer  descrip- 
tions of  the  whole,  but  only  give  figures  of  those  which 
rank  among  arborescent  species. 


i 


!    I 


8 


r)H 


LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW. 

SALIX  speciosa;  foliis  foii'^isshm's  Innceolalis  serriilatis 
prumisse  acianinatis  !j;labris  sublus  i^Umcis  juniorihiis 
pilosis;  amentis  scrofi/iis  6 — D-andris,  gcrmi)iibus  pedicel- 
latis  lanceolatis  acuminatis  ^lahris,  squamis  lanceolatO' 
oblongis  sericeis,  sligmatis  lobis  bifidis. 

Salix  lucida,  Hook,  (as  it  regards  the  Oregon  plant.)  Flor.  Bor. 
Am.,  vol.  2.  p.  148. 

No  Willow  on  the  American  continent  presents  so 
remarkable  and  splendid  an  appearance  as  the  present; 
the  effect  of  which  is  produced  no  less  by  its  magnitude 
than  the  size  and  beauty  of  its  foliage.  Its  aspect  is 
that  of  a  large  Peach  tree,  with  the  leaves  and  their 
stalks  from  five  to  eight  inches  lone  bv  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  wide;  beneath,  when  adult,  they  are 
glaucous,  like  those  of  the  River  Maple.  The  summit  is 
tufted  and  spreading;  and  the  tree  attains  the  elevation 
of  about  20  to  30  feet,  with  a  trunk  of  12  to  18  inches 
in  diameter.  When  in  full  bloom,  which  is  with  the 
first  expansion  of  the  leaves,  in  May,  the  numerous  and 
large  bright  yellow  catkins,  loading  the  branches,  emu- 
late the  finest  Acacia  of  New  Holland;  they  are  also 
agreeably  fragrant,  and  attract  swarms  of  wild  bees 
and  other  insects,  in  continual  motion  among  their 
waving  branches.  We  have  seen  this  noble  species  no- 
where in  such  perfection  as  along  the  banks  of  the  deep 
Wahlamet  and  the  wide  Oregon,  whose  numerous 
islands  are  almost  exclusively  decked  with  this  imposing 
Willow,  which  continues  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  and 
along  the  neighbouring  streams  as  far  east  as  the  river 
Boisee.     As  we  sailed  along  the  smooth  bosom  of  these 


serriilulis 
jtinlorihiis 
us  pedicel- 
lanceolato- 

)  Flor.  Bor. 


I 


/ 


•esents  so 
e  present; 
nagnitude 
aspect  is 
and  their 
nch  to  an 
they  are 
summit  is 
elevation 
18  inches 
with  the 
irons  and 
!ies,  emu- 
are  also 
v'ild   bees 
ng   their 
ecies  no- 
the  deep 
lumerous 
imposing 
tins,  and 
the  river 
of  these 


^ 


I    i 


E       I 


f^ 


i.- 


V 


L 


k 


f>i>H(f  le<>rc<t  ffi^/oir-  Ji'/vv/c   ,)r,i,-it'44,t 


; 


LONO-LEAVEI)  WILLOW. 


59 


extensive  streams,  for  nuiny  miles  we  never  lost  sifrjjt 
of  the  liOniif-leavcd  Willow,  which  seemed  to  dispute 
the  domain  of  tiie  sweepin<r  Hood,  frin<fiiig  the  banks  of 
the  streams  and  concealin<T  the  marshes  entirely  from 
view;  at  every  instant,  when  touched  by  the  breeze, 
displaying  tlu;  contrasted  surface  of  their  leaves;  above 
of  a  deep  and  lucid  green,  beneath  the  bluish-white  of 
silver;  the  whole  scene,  rellected  by  the  water  and 
in  constant  motion,  presented  a  silcMit  picture  of  e.\(pii- 
site  beauty.  Immediately  behind  this  foreground  of 
spreading  Willows,  arose  in  the  first  rank  of  the  legiti- 
mate forest,  the  lofty  Poplars  we  have  already  described, 
succeeded  by  the  majestic  Oaks  and  Maples,  while  the 
distant  hills  to  their  summits  were  impenetrably  hid  by 
the  vast  towering  I'ines  and  Firs,  w  hich  mingling  as  it 
were  with  the  clouds,  close  in  the  rest  of  the  landscape 
with  funereal  grandeur. 

This  species  is  related  to  the  Lucid  and  Bay  Willows, 
and  the  buds  have  something  of  the  same  aromatic 
exudation,  the  serrulations  and  the  base  of  the  leaf  are 
also  equally  glandular.  The  bark  of  the  truidi  is  rougli 
and  divided,  the  twigs  smooth  and  shining,  of  a  yellow- 
ish-brown. The  leaves,  at  first  green  on  both  surfaces, 
are,  before  expansion,  clothed  with  long  brown  loose 
parallel  hairs,  which  disappear  with  the  progress  of  their 
growth,  at  length  they  become  silvery  and  glaucous 
beneath;  they  are  finely  serrulated,  acute  at  both  ex- 
tremities, with  the  points  very  much  attenuated.  The 
stipules  are  semicircular  and  broad,  serrulated  on  the 
margin.  The  flowers  come  out  with  the  expanding 
leaves  from  lateral  buds,  containing,  in  the  male,  also  two 
or  three  leaves,  so  tnat  the  catkin  appears  as  a  pedun- 
culated spike.  The  stamens  are  very  long,  from  5  to  9 
in  a  scale,  with  filaments  which  are  hairy  towards  the 


i 


^ 


1 1 


<i() 


l.()N(;-hKAVKI)  WILLOW. 


li 


Imsf,  and  as  well  as  the  hairy,  hroad,  cunoato,  sornitcd 
scalcH,  are  of  a  hrijj[ht  goIdiMi-ycllow. 

The  female  j)laiit,  at  the  time  of  rtoweriiij?,  appears 
to  liave  smaller  leaves  than  the  male,  and  those  on  the 
hranehes  which  bear  the  calkin,  arc  green  on  hoth  sur- 
faces for  a  considerable  time;  they  are  also  bnt  little 
acuminated:  5  or  0  leaves  with  their  ap|)ropriate  sti- 
pules grow  out  on  the  same  branch,  which  terminates 
in  a  female  spike.  The  scales  of  the  catkin  or  spike 
arc  oblong  or  lancc-oblong,  and  less  hairy  than  in  the 
staminiferous  catkin.  The  germ  is  lanceolate,  pedi- 
cellate and  smooth,  acuminated  and  terminated  by  a 
short  bitid  style,  with  2  pubescent  bifid  stigmas.  The 
capsule  is  likewise  smooth,  and  contains  seeds  w  ith  a 
very  long  pappus,  as  abundant  almost  as  on  a  seed  of 
cotton. 

The  wood  is  whitish  and  close-grained,  and  might 
probably  be  employed  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of 
the  White  Poplar,  but  the  nearly  uninhabited  state  of  the 
country  in  Oregon,  prevents  the  possibility  of  making 
any  useful  experiments.  As  an  ornamental  and  hardy 
tree,  however,  it  stands  pre-eminent  among  all  its  fra- 
ternity, and  well  deserves  to  be  introduced  into  pleasure 
grounds,  where  it  would  be  perfectly  hardy  as  far  north 
as  New  York,  or  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain. 


I 


Plate  XVII. 

A  twig  and  leaf  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  female  catkin. 
h.  The  male  catkin,  c.  The  male  flower  and  scale  of  the  catkin. 
(1.  The  open  capsule. 


i     llli! 


R,  serrated 

[(,  appears 

).so  on  the 

l)otli  sur- 

biit  littlo 

)riato  sti- 

erminates 

or  spike 

:in  in  the 

ite,   pedi- 

tcd  by  a 

as.     Tlie 

Is  witii  a 

a  seed  of 

id  might 
IS  that  of 
Lto  of  the 
r  making 
id  liardy 
I  its  fra- 
pleasure 
far  north 


i 


Ic  catkin, 
lie  calkin. 


S:ili\  [MMilandi-a 


L'LYVm. 


r 


.0 


'^       ^ 


mm 


-iM^-' 


».^ 


)'-    1 

Pi 


#1  ll 


« 


.ii=i<^"15s,' 


■'n,it&jDf 


*'■»-■: 


.'J  ,.«.: 


Gl 


^ 


LONG-LEAVED  BAY  WILLOW. 


SALIX  pentandra;  fofii.s  elliplicis  (ic.Hrm)itilis  semilis  s^la- 
hris,  petiolis  siipenic  <f/a)i(/if/o.si.'i,  (unciifis  scrot'ini'i  pcn- 
tandrisy  i^c)'ini)iihus  lancvolatis  i^labris.  Willd.  Sp.  pi.  1.  c. 
Vahl.  in  Flora  Danica,  tab.  943.  Host.  Sal.  Austr.  1.  t.  1. 
f.  2.     Eng.  Bot.  t.  1S05. 

Salix  pentvndua,  fol'tis  scrratis  glahris,  Jlorihus  pcntan- 
dris.  Linn.  Ilort.  Clifibrt.  p.  154.  ct  Sp.  pi.  p.  144.  Flora 
Lapponica,  p.  370.  t.  8.  fig.  3.  Gmelin,  Flora  Sibirica,  vol.  1. 
p.  153.  t.  34.  fig.  1. 

Salix  foliis  glahris,  ova lo-lanceohitis ;  petiolis   ghindidosis; 
Jloribus   hcxastcmonibus.     Hallek,   Flora   Helvetica,   No. 
1G39. 

Salix  montana  major;  foliis  Laurinis.  Tournefort,  Insti- 
tutes Rci.  Herb.  p.  591. 

Salix  foliis  laurco  sive  lato  glabra  odoralo.  Rail  Hist.  p. 
1420. 

Salix  pentandra,  /2.  caudata,  foliis  longissime.  acJiminatis 
attcnuatis;  raniulis  juniorihus  kirsutis;  capsulis  rugulosis 
opacis. 


ki 


We  met  with  this  species,  hitherto  wholly  European, 
in  the  very  centre  of  the  North  American  continent, 
by  streams  in  the  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
towards  their  western  slope,  in  Oregon,  and  also  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  the  same  territory.  It  is  true,  the 
present  variety  is  a  remarkable  one.  The  uppermost 
leaves  on  the  adult  branches  are  about  5  or  G  inches 
long,  one-half  of  which  distance,  or  about  2  j  to  3  inches, 
may  be  considered  as  the  slope  of  the  summit  and  the 
point  of  the  leaf;  the  buds  and  last  developed  branches 
are  also  hirsute.  This  variety,  like  its  prototype,  be- 
comes a  tree  15  to  20  feet  high,  of  a  bright,  but  not  deep. 


11 


'■^.ly 


G2 


LONG-LEAVED  BAY  WILLOW. 


and  rich  green.  The  flowers  are  fragrant,  produced 
after  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  and  the  capsules  in 
our  plant  are  slightly  corrugated,  even  when  ripe  and 
open,  and  do  not  shine  as  in  the  common  Bay  Willow. 
The  leaves  have  the  same  odorous  glands,  and  the  bark 
of  the  branches  is  smooth,  shining,  and  of  a  brownish- 
yellow  colour.  This  tree  is  met  with  in  mountainous 
situations,  by  streams,  in  all  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  in  Britain,  France,  Switzerland,  Sweden,  Lap- 
land, and  throughout  Siberia  and  Russia.  Its  branches 
are  too  fragile  to  be  employed  for  any  economical  pur- 
pose, and  the  wood  decrepitates  in  the  fire.  The  leaves, 
which  are  fragrant  from  the  resinous  glands  of  their 
margin,  however,  furnish  a  yellow  dye,  and  the  abundant 
down  of  its  seeds  in  some  of  the  northern  countries,  is 
used  with  success  as  a  substitute  for  cotton,  mixed  with 
a  third  part  of  the  true  material. 

According  to  Loudon,  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable 
species  of  the  genus  for  planting  in  pleasure-grounds,  on 
account  of  the  fine  display  made  by  the  blossoms,  their 
abundant  fragrance,  the  shining  rich  deep  green  of  the 
leaves,  and  the  comparatively  slow  growth  and  compact 
habit  of  the  tree.  It  is  also  one  of  the  latest  flowering 
Willows,  the  blossoms  seldom  expanding  till  the  be- 
ginning of  June. 

Plate  XVIII. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     «.  The  capsule. 


/ 


produced 
capsules  in 
1  ripe  and 
y  Willow, 
i  the  bark 
brownish- 
untainous 

parts   of 

den,  I^ap- 

branches 

lical  pur- 

le  leaves, 

of  their 
abundant 
intries,  is 
ixed  with 


desirable 
'unds,  on 
Kis,  their 
ti  of  the 
compact 
owering 
the  be- 


'^ 


Salix  liit**:i 


llrx/crii  re/toir  IViHiHi: 


Smtt'f  /'timie 


T'l.XLX. 


63 


WESTERN  YELLOW  WILLOW. 

Salix  lutka,  fotiis  ovato-lanceolatis  acutis  Icviter  scrrulutis 
glahris,  stipuUs  lunatis,  a?nentis  pnpcocibtis  brcvibus  cy- 
lindraceis,  germinibiis  pedicellatis  glabris,  ramis  tuteis. 

This  is  a  smallish  arborescent  species  of  Willow, 
which  inhabits  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  and  proceeds 
westward  to  the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  but  is  no  where 
common.  It  attains  to  the  magnitude  of  a  small  tree, 
and  at  first  glance  appears  nearly  allied  to  the  common 
yellow  twigged  Willow  (<S.  vilcllina),  but  it  never  grows  so 
large,  and  is  after  the  very  first  evolution  of  the  leaf  buds 
perfectly  smooth,  with  none  of  those  tufts  of  hairs  which 
in  that  species  appear  at  the  interior  base  of  the  bud;  it 
likewise  possesses  stipules,  and  bears  short  close  catkins, 
with  smooth  capsules,  and  the  serrulations  of  the  leaves 
are  not  glandular,  indeed  scarcely  visible,  the  leaf  ap- 
pearing to  have  a  thin  and  often  almost  entire  diapha- 
nous margin. 

It  is  at  the  same  time  a  very  elegant  and  distinct 
species,  remarkable  for  its  smooth  bright  yellow  branches 
and  pale  green,  rather  small,  lucid  leaves.  It  is  well 
deserving  of  cultivation  for  the  sake  of  variety,  and  is 
undoubtedly  hardy  from  the  climate  it  inhabits.  The 
leaves  are  rather  narrow,  more  lanceolate  than  ovate, 
acute,  or  somewhat  acuminate,  about  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  long,  and  less  than  half  an  inch  wide.  The 
minute  serratures  or  serrulations  are  rather  crowded, 
but  very  minute  and  shallow,  and  not  in  the  least  car- 
tilaginous. The  young  leaves  before  evolution  are 
silky  and  white  beneath,  but  the  pubescence  wholly  dis- 
appears with  their  expansion. 

Plate  XIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  fertile  catkins,  a.  The  cap- 
sule. 


i 


|: 


()l 


HOOKER'S  WILT.OW. 


SALIX  IIooKEniA.NA.  (B;irratt,  IMSS);  rainis  valdr  rohnslis 
])iihi'NC(')tlil)HN,  Jiiitiorilnis  dviisv  loniruldso-houilis,  J'otiis 
Idle  ohovalh  J'vrv  suhnthDidtills  rii^idiiisciiUs  scrt'dtis  inur- 
gine  planis  aupra  {adult is)  iuidii(.seulia  suhlu.s  tomcntn.so- 
lanutis,  slipulis  [.scmicordn/i.s],  inncntis  cyliiidrdccis  eras- 
sis,  S(/i/a?nis  Idiii^e  doisissinic  /(t/itifis,  orariis  /oiii^e  sfijii- 
tutis  /a/icco/a/is  ^laherriinis,  shjlo  Itrvviitsrulo,  stii^inalis 
lobis  intcgris.     Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2.  p.  145.  t.  ISO. 

This  small  tree,  nearly  allied  to  S.  cincrra,  we  found 
of  common  occurrence  in  the  lower  part  of  the  territory 
of  Oregon  towards  the  sea,  particularly  frequent  on  the 
margins  of  ponds  and  in  wet  places  near  the  outlet  of 
the  Wahlamet,  where  it  attained  the  height  of  eight  or 
ten  feet.  It  was  also  found  in  the  territory  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  near  the  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Saskatchewan,  by 
Douglas.  The  leaves  are  remarkably  protean  in  their 
form,  sometimes  wholly  soft  and  villous  on  both  sides, 
more  commonly  so  beneath,  the  nature  of  the  pubes- 
cence also  varying  till  it  at  times  resembles  in  appear- 
ance and  to  the  touch  the  most  brilliant  velvet;  the  old 
leaves  .ire  generally  obovate,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
often  nearly  so  beneath,  and  then  of  a  bluish-green  or 
glaucous  hue;  they  arc,  moreover,  both  acute  and  ob- 
tuse, sometimes  even  rounded  at  the  extremity,  and  are 
generally  among  the  largest,  or  at  least  widest,  of  Wil- 
low leaves.  The  stipules  on  some  branches  are  very 
conspicuous,  circular  and  serrated.  The  male  aments  arc 
extremely  pilose  in  an  early  stage,  as  in  our  S.  conifera, 
to  which  this  species  makes  some  approach;  the  stamens 
are  two  to  each  scale.     The  capsule  is  ovatc-lanccolate 


BLUNT  LEAVIil)  WILLOW. 


(>:> 


and  very  smooth,  tin;  stylo  cIon<Tatcd,  and  tho  stifrnuis 
two  and  undividod. 

Tlio  lwi«rs  of  this  species  are  flexible,  hnt  the  uood  \n 
too  small  tor  (dmost  Jiiiy  economical  employment.  Tiie 
old  wood  of  the  trunk  of  ^S.  vnprm  or  the  Sallow,  so 
much  like  the  present  species,  is  nmch  esteemed  by  wood 
turners. 


i 


BLUNT  LEAVB:D  WILLOW. 

S.VLIX  FLAVEscENs,yo//7,j  obovutis  sKblunccolalis  Jluvescentc 
tomcntosis  inlcgris  dcmum  glabrifi,  stipulis  parvuUs  sub- 
semicordatis  denticulutis,  amcntis  prircocibus,  fapsnlis  Icni- 
ceolatis  scricco-pubesccntibus,  stigmatibus  villusis. 

We  met  with  this  shrubby  species  in  the  range  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  we  are  doubtful  if  it  is  not  also 
an  inhabitant  of  Europe.  It  agrees  very  nearly  with 
the  obtuse  leaved  Willow  of  Willdenow,  {S.  obtiisifo/in,) 
of  which  we  have  seen  no  specimens,  and  which  is  ap- 
parently a  very  obscure  species,  said  to  be  a  native  of 
the  Lapland  Alps.  Ours  is  a  large  shrub,  with  much  of 
the  aspect  and  general  character  of  the  Grey  Willow, 
which  is  indeed  the  type  of  a  groupe  of  kindred  Willows. 
For,  a  good  while  the  leaves  still  remain  downy,  particu- 
larly on  the  under  surface,  which  is  tinged  also  with 
pale  yellow.  The  leaves,  when  old,  are  about  Ij  inches 
long,  f  of  an  inch  wide  or  more,  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  quite  smooth,  entire 
apparently,  yet  the  stipules  are  denticulate.  The  branches 
are  brown  or  dark  purple.  The  catkins  are  short  and 
cylindric.  The  scales  blackish,  hairy,  and  obtuse,  the 
capsules  white  and  silky;  the  style  is  distinct,  and  the 
four  stigmas  long  and  pubescent. 
9 


(i(i 


POND  wi:jx)w. 

SALIX  ST \ay M.1H,  folii.s  obtoui^o-lauceohili.s  n/ttit.si.s  iii/t'ij;cr- 
rhnin  /nt.si  cuncatis  .sithhis  puhcsccniihus,  sti/tuli.s  uii//i.\, 
unwnlis  cmrtanvis,  cftp.su/i.s  /ancco/ati.s  acuininatis  sericei.s, 
s<i  ua  m  is  ,v  u  hi  a  n  ccolatis. 

This  is  anotlicr  species  iiulij^cnoiis  to  the  banks  of 
tlic  Oregon,  related  to  the  same  section  witli  the  last. 
The  twigs  are  dark  brown  and  slender,  and  the  leaves 
scattered  beneath  with  a  minute  brown  pubescence, 
which  communicates  a  somewhat  rusty  appearance  to 
the  leaves;  they  are  about  li  inches  long,  and  i  to  J  of 
an  inch  wide,  in  the  bud  they  arc  covered  with  long 
silky  hairs.  The  capsules  are  remarkable  for  their 
great  attenuation  and  len«i,th,  the  scales  of  the  anient 
are  oblong-lanceolate  and  hairy.  We  have  not  seen 
the  male  plant,  and  our  account  is  therefore  imperfect. 


VELVET  WILLOW. 


SALIX  CUNEATA,  foliis  lanccolatis  oblongisve  apice  siibscr- 
rulalis  actitis,  basi  cuneatis  g/abris  snbius  holosericeis, 
stipulis  minutis  phrisqne  miUis,  amontis  coxtaneis  elon- 
gatis,  capsulis  ovatis  serkcis,  stigmatibus  brevibiis  glabris. 

This  beautiful  Willow  we  found  growing  in  clumps 
near  the  rocky  margin  of  the  Oregon  at  its  confluence 
with  the  Wahlamet,  attaining  the  height  of  six  or  eight 
feet.  The  branches  are  slender,  and,  according  to  their 
age,  vary   much   in   appearance,  at  first  villous  and 


WRSTRTIN  PO\'n  WFIJ.OW. 


fi7 


downy,  but  at.  a  later  piTiod  lirowii,  and  aomotinn's 
quitt;  blue,  witb  a  ^luncoiis  bloom.  'V\\v  Icavrs,  with 
their  short  ju'tiolcs,  measure  about  two  iiioiies,  and  aro 
about  lialf  an  inch  wide,  pubescent  above,  at  l(!ni;th 
nearly  smooth  and  deep  jrreen,  but  always  clad  beneath 
with  a  whitish  close;  tomentum,  ))r()ducin<if  all  the  bril- 
hant  display  of  tin;  finest  velv(!t.  TIh^  male  flowers  wc 
have  not  seen.  The  female  catkins  are  ratluT  lonj;, 
loose,  and  subcylindric,  ol'len  accompanied  at  tlu;  base 
by  two  or  three  l(>aves,  and  come  out  wlu^n  the;  leaves 
are  considerably  grown.  The;  capsules  are  silky,  short, 
ovate,  and  acute.  The  style  short,  and  the  stijxmas 
four  and  smooth.  The  scales  of  tlu;  catkin  are  brown 
and  oval,  somewhat  hairy,  and  much  shorter  than  the 
capsules.  In  the  narrow  leaved  varieties,  the  leaves 
appear  almost  wholly  entire.  The  broader  leaved  plants 
bear  some  resemblance  to  the  Grey  Willow,  but  the 
serrulations  are  minute  and  the  stipules  very  small,  or 
wholly  wanting. 


I 


WESTERN  POxND  WILLOW. 

SALIX  MACRocAHPA,  fulUs  lunceolcitis  angvstatis  stibinle- 
gerrimis  tttrinqiie.  acutis  sttbaciuninalis  demtim  glabris 
suhttis  glands,  stipidis  obsoletis,  amen/is  coxtaneis  dian- 
drisy  capsulis  ventricosis  caiidaiis  glabriusculis  pedicellatis, 
stigmatibus  subscssilibus  quadrijidis. 

This  species,  like  our  Pond  Willow  (S.  griscn\  to 
which  it  is  closely  related,  is  found  forming  clumps  in 
wet  places  where  the  water  is  stagnant,  situations 
which  it  always  seems  to  prefer  to  the  banks  of  running 
streams.     It  attains   the  height  of  3  or  4  feet.     The 


— ^--^gi 


(iS 


SOFT  I.KAVRI)  Wn,l<()W. 


hraiK'lios  iwc  smooth  and  hi'owiiisli-hlac.k,  somctiiues 
^limcoiis  or  wliitisli.  'V\w  Icjivcs  (iihoiit  '2  to  A  iiicluis 
loiiu;  ;jiul  li.iir  Jin  iiicli  >vi(lr)  jiri'  ;il  liist  covtsrcd  \\\\U  a 
hrownisli  silky  down  wliicli  dis;i|)|)(';irs  \\\\\\  !iij;(',  wlion 
tli(^  l(>;iv(>s  Im^comu;  dark  irrccii  and  bliiisli-whitc,  or 
«rlaiu'oiis  IxMU'atli,  tlicv  aro  usuiilly  v(>ry  Jitutc,  and 
mostly  cntirr.  Tlio  cjitkins  aro  small  an  !  oblonjf,  with 
"2  or  'A  l(Nivos  at  tho  base;  ol  the  |)cdic('l;  tlui  scales  of 
tho  stumiMis  uYc  small  :ind  blackish,  oval  and  obtnso, 
sonu^whiit  hairy.  The  Icmalc  amcnts  have  very  short 
|>(>dicols,  and  prodnco  at  the  Inise  about.  2  leavers;  the 
senles  are  narrow  and  line.ar;  the  capsules  p(>dicell;ited, 
somcMvhat  villous,  l)ut  at  lenu[th  nearly  suiooth,  ventri- 
coso-lauceolate,  with  loni;  points,  and  niNirly  sessile 
stiumas. 


SOFT  r.i:Avi:n  willow. 


SALIX  sKssiMi'oi.i  A,  yj^//7.v  l(tiivrt)l(ilis  srs.silihiis  (/cii/i.sxitni.s 
(I  pice  .suhscrniltitis  vHIdsIs  inoHihtiN,  slipiilis  n  id  lis,  <t  men- 
tis stroti)iis  (fidixh'is  eloni^alis  tcniiiiKilihiis!  n^frniini/nis 
/(I 'Id/ is,  ('(/psit/is  IdiH'coliitis  don n in  snliglahris,  stijla  pro- 
/itni/r  hipartita  sli^nuitihiis  hifuiis. 

Tins  beautiful  and  very  distinct  species  of  Willow, 
formed  dense  tufts  on  the  rocky  borders  of  the  On^gon, 
at  the  conlhiencc  of  the  VV^ahlamct,  attainin<jj  to  the 
hei«i[ht  of  about  0  to  8  feet,  and  when  in  flower  a|)j)eared 
as  sliowy  as  a  Miinosit.  It  is  remarkably  leafy,  and  the 
leaves  are  hoary,  with  a  rather  lonu;  and  somewhat 
copious  pubescence,  which  communicates  a  softness  to 
the  touch  equal  to  that  of  velvet;  whether  the  leaves 
afterwards  become  more  smooth  or  not  I  cannot  say, 
but  think  it  probnble.  Dilferent  from  almost  every 
other  W^illow  I  have  seen,  the  catkins  each  terminate  so 


1 


PROSTRATR  WILLOW. 


09 


inetimc's 
i  iiiclics 
I  with  !i 
H\  wIkmi 
hitc,  or 
lite,  siiul 
ii;i,",  >vitli 
■((^iilcs  of 

ohliiso, 
ry  sliort 
v(!s:  flio 
cclliilcd, 
,  ViMitri- 

s<!ssilo 


i/is.shni.s 
.V,  (f/nrii- 
•))ii)iihi(s 
ijln  pro- 


Willow, 
[)rooon, 
to  the 
|)l)c;ire(l 
tiiul  the 
inowliat 
ncss  to 
I  lotivos 
lot  say, 
■  every 
natc  so 


t 


many  small  leafy  hraiH^hes  about  2  inches  lontr,  ex- 
clusive of  the  catkin  or  spike,  which  is  itself  about 
LJ  inches — in  both  sexes  attenuated  at  tlu;  base;  these 
branchl(!ts  as  well  as  the  leaves  are  whitish,  with  soft 
hairs,  i)articularly  the  fornjor,  but  still  the;  green  colour 
of  the  leaf  predominates;  the  points  of  the  leaves  arc 
somewhat  riirid,  sharply  acut(i,  and,  unlike  most  other 
species,  they  are  destitute  of  petioh^s  or  footstalks;  the 
scales  of  the  ameut  are  oval  and  unusually  cons|)icuous, 
more  hairy  in  the  staminiferous  flower.  The  stamens 
are  2  to  a  scale.  The  capsule  is  jyubescent  and  lanceo- 
late, at  length  nearly  smootlh  The  stigmas  ^^  and 
rather  long.  No  vestiges  of  sti|)ulcs  appear  in  any  of 
our  numerous  specimens:  the  older  branches  arc  dark 
brown. 

It  is  didicult  to  decide  on  the  afllnities  of  this  very 
distinct  species,  which  at  a  little  distance  resembles  a 
Protea  or  liCiicodcndron,,  the  leaves  being  ecjually  grey 
a;id  silvery,  with  soft  liairs,  wliich  are  so  ecpially  distri- 
buted on  either  surface  as  to  obliterate  the  j)rescncc  of 
the  veins,  and  reiuler  both  surfaces  almost  similar.  It 
appears,  in  some  respects,  to  resemble  S.  armaria^  the 
Sand  Willow,  but  the  late  appearance  of  the  aments 
and  their  remarkable  disproportion,  arc  almost  without 
a  parallel. 


PROSTl.  VTE  WILLOW. 

SALIX  m\ \c\ivc WW \,  foliis  ovatis  lancc.olatisvc  aciitis  suh- 
scssillhus  intes^errimis  cinerco-puljcscentibus  sitblus  incano- 
villosis,stipHHs  nullis,  amenlis  coivtuncis  birvUnis  glomcra- 
tis,  capsulis  ouaiis  ahbrcviatis  tomcntosis,  sligmatibus  sub- 
sessilibus. 

This  singular  prostrate  and  dwarf  Willow  wo  met 


. .  'I 


•70 


PROSTRATE  WILLOW. 


with  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  on  the  borders  of 
Bear  river,  a  clear  rapid  brook  cutting  its  way  through 
basaltic  dykes  to  the  curious  lake  of  Timpanagos,  in 
New  Mexico.  This  locality  is  likewise  famous  for  the 
numerous  seltzer  springs  so  strongly  impregnated  with 
carbonic  acid  as  to  sparkle  and  effervesce  like  cham- 
paigne.  Our  hunters  called  them  the  "Beer  Springs," 
and  for  a  day  and  a  half  that  we  spent  at  this  memo- 
rable place,  the  waters  afforded  us  a  most  delicious 
treat  during  the  warm  weather,  in  those  arid  plains. 
In  an  open  marshy  situation,  on  the  margin  of  the  river 
forest,  grew  an  abundance  of  this  curious,  depressed  and 
hoary  shrub,  which  has  somewhat  the  aspect  of  the 
European  Sand  Willow,  {S.  arc?iaria,)  but  it  is  much 
more  dwarf,  with  the  leaves  smaller,  and  filways  hoary 
with  pubescence.  The  stem  branches  from  the  base  only 
rising  four  or  five  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
but  with  many  diffuse,  tough,  woody  branches,  which 
spread  out  into  a  circle  of  a  foot  or  more.  The  root 
stock  is  woody  and  thick;  the  branches  full  of  cicatrices, 
pubescent,  but  brown  beneath,  thickly  covered  with 
small  leaves,  which  in  some  plants  are  elliptic-ovate,  in 
others  oblong-lanceolate,  all  very  entire,  nearly  sessile 
and  acute,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  about  three 
lines  wide;  above  always  grey  with  pubescence,  but 
beneath  rather  whitely  villous;  some  of  the  lowest  small 
leaves  are  smooth  on  the  upper  surface.  There  are  no 
stipules  in  any  of  my  specimens.  The  male  flowers  I 
have  not  seen.  The  fertile  catkins  are  sliort  and  some- 
what clustered,  not  cylindric,  few  flowered,  the  capsules 
oblong-lanceolate  and  short,  villous,  with  appressed 
hairs,  not  densely  lanuginous,  as  in  >V,  armaria,  termi- 
nated by  a  short  slender  style  and  four  short  stigmas. 


it**' 


II 


» 


■i 


%/ 


I'l  x\ 


Salix  ai-iinjilivlliJ . 


Si/r/r  /r<irc</  Iti/Am 


Siiu/i     <i  /iittV/if  <tr</fi//<r,f 


f 


ri  x\.    ' 


///'.I"  <fr)/t'///{Y^f 


hi  :;«= 


J, 


71 


SILVER  LEAVED  WILLOW. 

SALIX  AUGOpiiYLLA,  foliis  /iticari-'iuh/aucrn/d/i.s  aciitis 
se.s.sUihus  inlev;crr'nnis  uh'inquc  argenlen-scriccis,  stipulis 
ohsolctisy  anientis  serotinis  diandris,  aipsiilis  viltosis  liin- 
c  CO  la  lis. 


to  the  Wcst, 


at  Icnffth 


In  our  devious  progrc? 
approached  one  of  the  hranclies  of  the  Oregon,  the  river 
Boisee,  towards  its  junction  with  the  Shoslionce;  its 
banks  were  not  fringed  with  a  belt  of  forest,  but  so 
stripped  of  every  character  of  an  alluvial  nature,  that 
when  wo  suddenly  approached  it,  there  appeared  no 
break  in  the  plain,  and  the  clear  and  rapid  flood  shot 
through  a  deep  perpendicular  chasm  of  columnar  basal- 
tic rocks.  Wc  descended  towards  its  brink  and  pur- 
sued our  path  along  its  obstructed  banks,  climbing  over 
fearful  rocks  and  along  the  margins  of  impending  preci- 
pices, night  approached  without  any  cessation  of  our 
incessant  toil.  At  lenjrth  wc  hailed  with  satisfaction 
a  small  portion  of  the  river  bottom,  almost  covered  by 
tall  bushes  of  a  remarkable  silvery  appearance,  which 
proved  to  be  the  subject  of  our  present  examination,  a 
very  curious  species  of  Willow,  which,  with  a  kind 
of  Mock  Orange,  {Phi/adc/phns,)  composed  nearly  all 
the  conspicuous  vegetation  of  this  sterile  chasm.  At 
length  our  new  Alnus,  {A.  Orcoonn,)  the  Narrow-leaved 
Balsam  Poplar,  and  the  liOng-leavcd  tree  Willow,  gave 
evidence  of  an  ample  alluvial  plain  and  the  {>roximity  of 
the  great  Shoslionce. 

This  species  becomes  a  small  ir-^c  from  12  to  15  feet 
in  height,  as   silvery  and  white   as   the  Lcucodendron 


,1     ••'• 


72 


LONG  SPIKED  WILLOW. 


nrifcnlctim,  tlic  brandies  arc  brown,  but  the  twigs  are 
hoary  with  villous  hairs.  The  leaves  arc  very  much 
crowded,  soft,  with  whitish  shininjr  silky  down,  so  abun- 
dant on  cither  side  as  wholly  to  hide  the  veins,  and 
nearly  the  midrib;  they  arc  also  nc.irly  without  foot- 
stalks, entire  on  the  margin,  of  a  narrow  linear  outline 
and  sharply  acute,  with  a  distinct  bristly  point,  li  to  2 
inches  long,  and  only  about  three  lines  wide.  Stipules 
small  and  linear,  seldom  seen.  The  aments  come  out 
late  with  the  leaves,  and  the  flower  branches  produce 
from  four  to  seven  leaves.  The  male  ament  is  small 
and  narrow,  with  the  scales  lanceolate  and  villous;  the 
female  aments  are  oblong,  the  capsules  lanceolate  and 
villous. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  though  small,  is  very  white, 
smooth,  and  close-grained;  the  species  must  also  be 
hardy,  well  worth  cultivating,  and  would  then  probably 
grow  to  a  considerable  size.  We  perceive  no  affinity 
that  this  species  bears,  except  perhaps  to  the  S.  angusti- 
folia  of  the  borders  of  the  Caspian,  from  which  at  the 
same  time  it  is  probably  very  distinct. 

Plate  XX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  male  catkin,    b.  The  cap- 
sule. 


LONG  SPIKED  WILLOW. 


SALIX  MACRosTACHYA,^//w  Uneari-sublanceolatis  elongalis 
remote  serrulatis  acutis  titrinque  argcnto-sericeis,  stipulis 
semiovatis  deciduis,  amentis  longissimis  prascocibus,  capsu- 
lis  lanceolatis  demum  glabriusculis. 

We  met  with  this  species  sparingly  on  the  banks  of 


i^ifis  are 
y  much 
30  abun- 
ins,  and 
ut  foot- 
r  outline 
li  to  2 
Stipules 
ome  out 
produce 
is  small 
ous;  the 
late  and 


t 

! 


RlVEll  WILLOW. 


73 


the  Oregon.  It  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  last, 
without  however  being  any  way  intimately  allied  to  it. 
It  forms  a  slender  bush,  remarkable  for  its  white  and 
silvery  {)ubescence,  which  appears  as  soft  and  glossy 
as  velvet,  the  twigs  are  also  pubescent.  The  leaves 
are  two  to  three  inches  long,  two  or  three  lines  wide, 
distinctly  serrulated  and  nearly  sessile,  with  the  veins 
conspicuous  through  the  pubescence.  The  female  cat- 
kins, with  their  peduncles,  are  three  or  four  inches  in 
length,  the  capsules  are  nearly  sessile,  and  at  length  but 
slightly  pubescent.  In  this  species  there  are  distinct 
stipules  on  the  young  branches. 


* 


■y  white, 
also  be 
irobably 
•  affinity 
aniiusti' 
I  at  the 


""he  cap- 


longatis 
stipiilis 
capsu- 


inks  of 


RIVER  WILLOW. 

SALIX  FLUViATiLis;  fo/iis  linear ihns  utriiK/ue  acutniiur/is, 
Nuhlanceululifi  .sjjhui/n.^o-scrraf is  (/em inn  i^/it/iri.s-  ronco/ori- 
hiis,  .sfipu/is  nu//i.s,  anicntis  serotinis  peduncalatis  villosi.s 
diundris,  squamis  uhlongis,  fruclihu.s  Idnceutali.s  gliibris 
pedicctlalis,  sligmalibus  sessilibus. 

This  species  lines  the  innncdiate  border  of  the 
Oregon,  a  little  below  its  confluence  with  the  Wahlamet, 
attaining  the  heiiiht  of  about  six  feet  or  more.  We 
believe  this  is  tilso  the  same  Willow  that  we  mistook 
for  the  Long-leaved  species  of  Pursh  and  Muhlenberg, 
{Salix  Inngifolia^)  which  so  commonly  lines  the  banks  of 
the  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  and  which  often  forms  the 
exclusive  growth  of  the  small  islands  and  sandbars, 
preparing  these  wastes,  recovered  from  the  flood,  for  a 
superior  growth  of  trees,  and  they  are  also  accompa- 
nied and  succeeded  commonly  by  the  Cotton-wood, 
{Popuhis  canadensis.)  We  met  with  this  species  like- 
10 


!!(■  tuVM^tttntii  i-i 


74 


RIVER  WILLOW. 


wiso  on  tho  banks  of  TiCwia  River  of  tlic  Shoshoncc, 
accompiinying  our  Long-lcavod  Willow,  both  of  which 
continue  uhnost  uniiitcrruptodly  to  occuj)y  tlic  banks 
and  bars  of  all  the  Western  streams  to  the  Oregon, 
and  proceed  aloiig  that  river  to  the  borders  of  the 
Pacific. 

In  this  remarkably  fluviatile  species,  the  leaves  of 
the  very  young  plants  are  somewhat  pinnatifid,  and 
at  all  times  the  serratures,  rather  distant,  are  sinuated 
and  very  sharp  or  spinulosely  acute.  The  branches  arc 
brownish  and  very  full  of  leaves.  The  leaves  two  to 
three  inches  long,  are  seldom  more  than  two  lines  wide, 
except  in  the  young  shoots,  when  they  are  twice  that 
breadth.  The  branches  producing  the  male  flowers  are 
as  short  as  usual,  bearing  only  three  or  four  small 
leaves;  the  catkins  are  narrow,  solitary,  and  rather  short, 
and  come  out  with  the  opening  of  the  leaves.  In  the 
female  plant  the  inflorescence  is  similar  with  that  of  the 
male,  but  there  is  also  produced  a  later  growth  of  cat- 
kins, which  terminate  proper  divided  branchlets.  The 
scales  of  the  female  catkin  arc  oblong  and  densely 
bearded  below,  the  germ  is  smooth,  with  four  sessile 
stigmas  as  in  S.  longifoHa.  The  young  leaves  arc  at  first 
somewhat  hoary  and  pubescent,  with  minute  hairs;  the 
young  plants  have  also  often  pubescent  foliage. 

We  have  met  with  the  Salix  longifolin  on  the  banks 
of  the  Arkansa,  and  it  greatly  resembles  the  present 
species,  but  differs  in  producing  distinct  stipules,  in  the 
minute  serratures,  and  above  all  in  the  pubescent  cap- 
sule and  elongation  of  the  catkin.  The  leaves  are  also 
generally  broader,  and  it  is  said  to  grow  only  about 
two  feet  high. 


; 


75 


oshoncc, 
)f  which 
c  banks 
Oregon, 
1  of  tlie 

caves  of 
ifid,  and 
sinuated 
iches  are 
s  two  to 
ics  wide, 
r'icc  that 
wers  arc 
ur  small 
»cr  short, 
In  the 
at  of  the 
I  of  cat- 
ts.  The 
densely 
sessile 
e  at  first 
airs;  the 

le  banks 
present 
s,  in  the 
ent  cap- 
arc  also 
nbout 


SLENDER  WILLOW. 

S/\LIX  ExiouA,  foliis  linvdrihus  i(/n'ii(/iii'  acrttia  srihintvi^rr- 
riniis  .terici'is,  .\ti/)iilis  niiUis,  anient  is  scrutinis  clongulisj 
capsuUs  luncculatia  scssilibus,  dcminn  nudiusculis. 

This  species  is  also  a  native  of  the  territory  of 
Oregon,  and  grew  with  the  preceding,  which  it  strongly 
resembles:  it  is,  however,  a  smaller  species,  with  still 
narrower  1'  ivcs,  at  all  times  more  or  less  grey  and 
silky,  till  irulations  are  mostly  wanting,  though  very 
minute  ones  are  sometimes  seen:  the  capsules  are 
smaller,  and  not  pedicellated.  The  male  plant  I  have 
not  seen.    The  branches  arc  reddish  brown  and  smooth. 


ROUND  LEAVED  WILLOW. 

SALIX  ROTUNDTFOLIA,/o/^7s  suhrotundis  ovatisvc  minutissime 
serrulatis  vel  integriusculis  iitrinqiic  glabris  concoloribits, 
petiolis  ramulisque  pilosis,  stipulis  maximis  dilatato-cor- 
datis  mcmbranaceis  glandidoso-serratis,  amentis  cuwtimeis 
diandris  lanuginosis,  capsulis  glabris  lunceolalis,  stylis 
elongatis. 

/2.  ovATA,  foliis  ovatis  acutis  dense  serrulatis. 

This  dwarf  and  remarkable  species  of  Willow,  at- 
taining about  two  feet  in  height,  was  obtained  in  the 
gorge  of  a  lofty  alpine  ravine,  through  which  we  fruit- 
lessly endeavoured  to  pass.  It  was  in  the  month  of 
July,  and  the  perpetual  snows  which  still  covered  the 
mountains,  mingled  their  outline  with  the  skies.     On  the 


I 


.5( 


VV  St. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


la  112,8 

■  JO     ^^* 

m  m 

1-4    11.6 


■  22 

£   MS 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716;  872-4S03 


'A^ 


Ht 


llOUND-LRAVRl)  WILLOW 


skirt  of  this  jrolid  rotrioii  jrrew  our  present  subject.  We 
nnnied  tliis  scene  of  toil  and  dis5ii)pointment,  Tliorn- 
l)ur;r||'s  Pass,  or  ratlier  ravine,  as  no  passajrc  was  prac- 
ticable, from  the  man  vvlio  undertook  to  be  our  guide. 
It  was  in  the  central  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  near  to  the  pass  of  the  Shoshonees,  which  the  fol- 
lowing day  we  attained. 

We  know  of  no  species  with  which  we  can  compare 
this  Willow.  The  older  branches  are  brown,  smootii, 
and  full  of  cicatrices  left  by  leaves  that  have  grown  near 
together,  giving  the  plant  a  stunted  appearance;  the  pe- 
tioles ar(^  about  ^  an  inch  long,  with  the  younger  branches 
hairy,  the  younger  leaves  are  also  somewhat  so  on  the 
mid-rib.  The  leaves  are  nearly  round,  from  li  to  ^ 
inches  wide,  and  about  the  same  in  length,  though  some 
of  the  later  producer  leaves  arc  ovate  and  sometimes 
even  acute,  both  sides  are  equally  green,  the  margin  in 
the  ovate  leaves  elegantly  and  very  closely  serrulated, 
but  in  the  round  leaves  the  serrulations  are  often  nearly 
obliterated.  The  stipules  are  very  large,  wide,  and 
heart-shaped,  finely  serrated  with  glandular  points,  at 
length  they  become  membranaceous  and  deciduous. 
The  male  aments  are  oblong,  large  and  sessile,  the 
scales  blackish  and  ovate,  producing  copious  white  hairs 
longer  than  their  whole  length,  the  filaments  arc  very 
long.  The  female  aments  grow  on  thick  stalks,  and 
have  the  scales  also  very  woolly;  the  capsules  are 
smooth  and  ovate,  acuminate;  the  style  is  long,  ter- 
minated by  4  stigmas.  The  ovate  leaved  variety  was 
collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Gairdener,  on  the  hills  of  the 
Wahlamct. 


ect.     Wo 

It,  Thorn- 
was  prac- 
)ur  guide, 
loiintains, 
;li  the  fol- 

I  compare 
I,  smootii, 
own  near 
e;  the  pe- 
'  branches 
so  on  the 
I  1^  to  3 
ugh  some 
omctimes 
uargin  in 
crrulatcd, 
en  nearly 
lide,   and 
)oints,  at 
eciduous. 
ssile,  the 
lite  hairs 
are  very 
ilks,  and 
?ules  are 
ong,  ter- 
iety  was 
Is  of  the 


MINUTE  WITJ.OW. 

SALIX  NIVALIS,  J'oUis  ovalihus  siihspalhtilatis  integcrriniis 
glahris  obtusis,  suhtiis  coticnlorilms  rcticulalis,  uinentis 
scrotinis  pcdiccllalis  paun'Jloris,  gennini/)us  ovdtis  sericeis 
S(ju(unu'.  glabrie  rctusic  lungioribus,  slig/nalibus  siib.ses- 
silibus. 

Salix  nivalis.     IIookkii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2.  p. 

This  elegant  and  very  diminutive  shrub,  merely 
about  2  inches  high,  was  obtained  in  the  same  alpine 
ravine  as  the  former,  but  on  a  plain  elevated  to  the  very 
line  of  perpetual  snow,  at  the  height  of  about  10,000 
feet  above  the  ocean  level.  The  stems  are  smooth, 
brown  and  woody,  sending  out  very  few  short  branches 
terminated  by  scanty  tufts  of  smooth  coriaceous  leaves, 
2  to  3  lines  wide  and  about  4  lines  long.  The  male 
plant  we  have  not  seen;  the  female  catkin  is  produc(>d 
upon  a  pubescent  pedicel  nearly  its  length,  the  flowers 
are  about  G,  sessile,  and  the  subtending  scales  smooth, 
retuse  and  nerved.  The  germ  is  short  ovate,  and 
silky,  terminated  by  a  sessile  or  almost  sessile  quadrifid 
stigma. 

This  species  is  allied  to  the  Salix  myrlilloidcs,  but  at 
the  same  time  perfectly  distinct. 

Plate  XIX. 

A  fertile  plant  of  the  natural  magniludc.  a.  A  leaf.  b.  The 
young  capsule  and  its  scale. 


I 


1R= 


■(jBto" 


7H 


DUSKY  WILLOW. 

SALIX  MKLANorsis,  /;>///.v  linrdri-ldiH'coldtis  sfrrrilatis  tf/a- 
bris  hdsi  (/ffninafis  i'i\r  prfio/</fi\,  slipiilis  nuHis,  amenlis 
coiclanein  iliandris,  si/iiainis  stritilis  t)b/ii.\i.\,  cupaulis  glu- 
bris  lanccohitis  .suh.svs.silibus. 


This  species,  >vliicli  I  have  culled  Dusky  Willow  from 
the  dark  upj)CJirancc  it  assuincs  in  drying,  wo  met  with 
at  our  station  called  Fort  I  Tall,  in  the  plains  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  alluvial  lands  of  Lewis  river 
of  the  Shoshonee,  not  growing  in  masses  hut  scattered 
over  the  hanks  of  the  river  in  the  more  elevated  situa- 
tions, and  there  attaining  the  magnitude  of  a  small  tree 
12  to  L'j  feet  high,  with  a  spreading  summit,  and  when 
in  flower  forming  a  very  elegant  ohject.  It  is  closely 
related  to  the  Triandrons  Willow  of  Europe,  {Salix 
triandra,)  hut  still  sufficiently  distinct.  It  never,  like 
that  species,  hecomes  a  considerahle  tree,  hut  more 
resemhles  in  its  magnitude  and  mode  of  growth  our 
common  Black  Willow  (.S.  ni<rra).  The  wood  is  white 
and  close  grained  as  in  that  species:  tiie  young  branches 
appear  blackish-hrown  in  a  dead  state,  and  the  young 
leaves  appear  also  very  dark,  they  are  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  and  about  three  lines  wide,  attenuated 
at  the  base,  so  as  to  present  no  distinct  petiole,  acute 
above,  with  minute  scrratures;  there  are  no  hairs  at 
the  base  of  the  bud,  as  in  S.  trkmdra.  The  male  flow- 
ering branchlets  are  provided  with  five  or  six  leaves;  the 
catkins  linear  and  elongated,  with  dusky  pubescent 
scales,  marked  efich  with  about  five  striatures.  The 
female  catkins  are  rather  short,  and  the  fruit  smooth. 


V,  (imcntift 
Ksulis  glu- 


low  from 
met  witli 
3  of  tlic 
ms  river 
scattered 
L'd  situu- 
[iiull  tree 
id  when 
5  closely 
,    {Salix 
t'cr,  like 
It   more 
ivth  our 
is  while 
•ranches 
!  young 
an  inch 
enuated 
),  acute 
lairs  at 
le  flow- 
VGE]  the 
besccnt 
.     The 
imooth, 


# 


-  ■  J 


i 


I 


A- 


-r^t 


■V. 


Siilix  iiit'lailuiiHiK 


lJiiitkri/i//<'n 


Siiii/,- 


iiiHniti'f 


\' 


DLACK  WILLOW.  7<) 

with  sessile  stiirmns,  as  in  otlicr  species  of  this  particu- 
lar ;^roupe. 

Pi,  A  IK  X\I. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  si/.c.  ii.  Tlic  scale,  h.  The  .stamen. 
r.  The  germ. 

Tlic  Saliv  lrian(h(i,  so  nearly  allied  to  the  present 
species,  hecoines  a  tree  'M)  feet  hijL^ii,  and  is  IVecpiently 
planted  in  osier  jjrounds  for  the  hasket-niaker;  hut  the 
host  kind  planted  for  this  purpose  is  the  Osirr,  |)r()perly 
so  called,  (<S.  viminalis,)  wliicii  niii^ht  he  pro[)agated  in 
almost  every  part  of  the  United  States. 


BLACK  WILLOW. 

Salix  nigra,  Mich.  Arb.,  vol.  "2.  j)latc  12').  fie;.  1.  A 
variety  of  this  tree  occurs  in  South  Carolina  and  Flo- 
rida, in  which  the  leaves  are  villous  and  the  scales  of 
the  fiment  densely  lanuginous.  In  the  herhariuni  of  Mr. 
Schweinitz  it  was  marked,  on  the  authority  of  Elliott, 
as  a  species  S.  siihv'dlosa. 

This  tree,  a  native  of  a  I  '-jc  States  from  New  Eng- 
land to  Florida,  and  west  i,  early  to  the  foot  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  one  of  the  few  native  species 
which  becomes  a  tree,  attainiufj  the  height  of  15  to  25 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  10  to  15  inches.  It  aflects  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  and  generally  grows  near  to 
the  water,  in  moist,  occasionally  overflowed  situations. 
In  the  warmer  parts  of  the  States  it  puts  on  a  handsome 
appearance,  particularly  when  in  flower,  but  has  the 
defect  of  branching  almost  from  tlic  base,  and  IcaiJng 


80 


lU.ACK  WII-I,nw. 


« 


ill  ii  posttirc  inon;  wild  iiiid  pictun'scnio  lluiii  ho.iutirul. 
It  lias  a  (lark  coloiinMl  r(>iii;li  hark,  and  tlio  ItraiiclicH 
are  hriftic  at  tlir  l»asc;  tiic  iiialf  catkins  c<)min«,'  out 
>vitli  tliu  leaves  an;  very  eieuant,  and  attractive  and 
useful  to  hees.  In  tin;  soiitiiern  parts  of  tlic  Union, 
according;  to  Mr.  Mlliott,  tin;  stems  \\\un\  found  suni- 
ciontly  lar^fc  are  eiiiployetl  for  tin;  timbers  of  boats,  and 
are  tbuiid  to  bo  li<r|it  and  durable. 

The  Minn:    \N'ii,m>\v,   (Sd/i.r   a/fxt,    F-iw.,)    appears 
almost  naturali/.ed  in  many  parts  of  tlio  United  States. 

f 


It 


th 


vestcrn  interior 
Now  .Jers(^y  alon«;  tlie  !«  lers  of  the  VValkill.  It  <i;ro\vH 
rapidly,  becoming  a  stoui  tree  in  n  few  years,  and  in 
Europe  it  is  considered  the  most  valuai)lc  timber  tree  of 
the  ^enus;  it  produces  a  wliit(;  close-j^'rained  wood, 
capable  of  receiving  a  polish,  it  also  allbrds  fence-wood, 
fuel,  and  bark  for  the  tanner,  nearly  as  good  as  that  of 
the  Oak. 

The  uses  of  Willows  and  Willow-wood  in  iMirope  arc 
very  mimerous.  It  is  ijeiierally  a  close  fme-Ln'aiiied 
white  wood,  capable  of  takiiiii;  a  smooth  and  ccpial 
polish,  and  remarkably  linht  withal.  The  osiers  are 
very  extensively  used  for  all  kinds  of  bask(>t-work,  and, 
as  Virgil  remarks,  the  shepherd  sits  beneath  its  shade, 
while  it  afl'ords  fence  for  his  field,  browsing  for  his 
flock,  and  lioney  for  the  bees, — 

"Saliccs,  luiniil('.s(|uc  gcnistse, 
Aut  ilia;  pccori  trondcm,  aut  piistoribus  umbram 
Siifljciunt,  scpcnKiuc  satis  ot  pabula  nielli." 

Gkorgkon,  h. 


boiiiitiriil. 
bniiiclios 
miller  out 
:tiv«'  and 
10  Union, 
Hid  siiiri- 
oiits,  and 


appears 
!d  Stiites. 
iterior  of 
It  jj;ro\vs 
s,  and  in 
er  tree  of 
'd  wood, 
ico-wood, 
IS  tliat  of 

nopo  arc 
>L^rjiinod 
lul   crpial 

(~rs  aro 
irk,  and, 
t.s  sliadc, 

for   liis 


V,   II. 


M  Ad  NO  L  I  A.1 


Aa/iint/  ()r(/(t\  M.xcnoi.iac  i:.f.,  (.fufssicn.)    I.inmvan  Clussi- 

Jiaidoil,   IN)I,Y.\.M)KIA,   l'(M,Y«;YiNlA. 


Co/i/.r  of  3  (iccidtiuiis  pefiiloid  sepals.  Cornlld  of  from  <i  to  12 
pctiils.  Stamnifi  mimtToiis  as  well  as  the  pistils.  Carpels 
disposed  ill  an  iinbricatt-d  coiio,  1  to  'J-setulcd,  openini;  by  tlio 
dorsal  suture.  Scvifs  pulpy,  n-d,  suspciidi'd,  wlu-ii  ripo  lianj^- 
iiig  out  of  tlic  carpel  by  a  lon^  umbilical  tiiread  composud  of 
•spiral  vessels. 

Trees  aud  shrubs  with  lar^c;  entire  alternate  deciduous  leaves, 
and  solitary  terminal  lari;e  and  usually  odoriferous  flowcr.s. 
Chiefly  natives  of  North  America,  Chin;j,  and  .lapaii. 

LARGE  I  LOW  I:RED  MAGNOfJA. 

MAGNOLIA  GKANDiFLORA,  Linfi.  (Mich.  Sylva,  plate  51.) 

In  the  ncighourhood  of  Snvannali  in  Gcor«;ia,  and 
near  New  Orleans,  this  s])lendi(l  tree  often  pre.scnts  an 
ahno.st  equal,  smooth,  columnar  shaft  of  (H)  to  80  feet 
elevation,  and  attains  the  heiirht  of  100  feet  or  upwards, 
with  a  jrraccful  hij^h  and  spreadin<r  summit.  On  the 
trunk  of  this  species,  near  Savaiuiah,  I  observed  large 
quantities  of  the  parasitic  air  plant,  Epidrndrum  rotiop- 
sctim,  and  it  appeared  there  to  grow  on  no  other  tree. 
According  to  Wm.  Bartram,  who  saw  the  species  so 

t  Named  by  Linnaeus  in  honour  of  Pierre  Mognol,  a  botanist 
of  Montpelier. 
11 


!      S\ 


83 


l,AI((;r.  FLOWKIIF.I)  MAfiNOl.lA. 


nbundant  in  his  tour  in  Tlorida,  its  snnimit  forms  a  per- 
fect cone,  risini^  from  a  straij,'lit  clear  trnnk,  roscniMing 
u  hcautiful  cohnnn,  ami,  from  its  dark  foliaf^'c  "silvered 
over  with  n»ill\-\Nhit(>  (lowers,"  it  is  seen  at  a  j^reat  dis- 
tance. The  succession  of  llowers  is  also  lon«r  conti- 
nued, in  favoural)l(!  situations  from  May  to  An;;ust. 
Thouirh  confnied  very  much  to  the  nei^hhourhood  of 
the  sea-coast,  it  extends  westward  in  (ieor;,Ma  as  far  as 
Milledj^M'ville;  and  I  met  with  it  in  Alaliama,on  the  hanks 
of  I'tchee  creek,  about  \'2  miles  from  Cohunhus  in 
(ieor<^ia,  and  afterwards  in  other  parts  of  that  State 
down  to  West  Florida.  It  is  known  to  the  Creeks  hy 
the  native  name  of  7W(/. 

In  the  new  edition  of  J)uhamel,  we  have  the  followin*:; 
account  of  its  introduction  into  Trance.  There  is  at 
IVIaillardiere,  about  five  nules  from  Nantes,  a  fme  Ma<^- 
nolia,  which  was  brou<fht  from  the  haidvs  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  I7.'V^,  and  planted  in  a  poor  soil.  It  <rrew  there 
neiflected  for  more  than  150  years,  till  M.  Jlonami,  a  phy- 
sician of  Xantes  and  j)rofess()r  of  botany  there,  nx'og- 
nised  this  beautiful  tree  to  Im;  the  Mdiino/ia  ixrinidiflorii; 
and  at  the  meetin;^  of  llie  States  of  Rretairne  in  Septem- 
ber, 17()0,  in  Nantes,  he  pr(>sented  to  the  Princess  of 
Kohan-Chabet,  a  line  branch  of  this  Magnolia  in  tlower, 
which  became  a  subject  of  conversation  and  interest  to 
all  assembled.  Louis  XV.  possessed  several  small 
plants  of  this  species  in  his  garden  at  the  Petit  Trianon, 
but  they  did  not  thrive;  and,  havinir  heard  of  a  Ma«^no- 
lia  3;')  to  10  feet  hiirh,  which  every  year  wiis  covered  with 
fine  llowers  of  a  delicit)us  perfume,  he  sent  two  of  his 
gardeners  to  ascertain  if  it  was  possible  to  transport 
this  tree  to  Versailles;  and,  above  all,  should  they  do 
so,  if  it  would  be  certain  to  grow.  They  saw  the  tree, 
and,  being  of  opinion  that  it  would  not  survive  removal, 
it  was  suffered  to  remain  in  its  place.     It  was  at  that 


I  a  por- 

silvered 
cat  (lis- 
ir  couti- 
Au;,Mist. 
Iiood  of 
s  far  as 
ic  banks 
1)1)118  in 
It  State 
ccks  l)y 

)lloNving 
re  is  at 
ic  Ma<f- 

3W  tlirrc 
i,  a  pliy- 

>,  ri>C()<r- 

ndi/fora; 

Si'ptoiu- 

jccss  of 

1  flower, 

crest  to 

small 

riaiion, 

liMaj^no- 

ed  witii 

of  ills 

[an  sport 

Ithcy  do 

jhc  tree, 

jnioval, 

at  that 


I.ONO-I^F.AVRI)  MA(JN<»I.IA. 


s:i 


time  from  35  to  10  feet  lii;;li;  lint,  dnrinij  the  tronhles  of 
the  civil  war  of  La  Vendee,  it  was  iinnilated,  and  lost 
nmst  of  its  hraiulu's.  Afterward.'',  the  Imrnin;,'  of  the 
lionso  near  A>lii('h  it  uas  piantt'd  havin;;  <laina^ed  its 
head,  the  hraiiehes  >v«'re  eroiipcd  down  t(»  the  trnid\,  and 
it  a;^ain  shot  out  with  >i;jfoin',  l>nt  the  Noniii^  shoots, 
not  haviii.f  had  time  to  ripen,  were  destroyed  hy  the 
frost;  n(»twitlistiindini;  tins  seven'  elie«k,  it  aifain  re- 
covered, and  afterwards  hecaine  a  liii«'  tree,  hetween  *J."i 
and  ;{()  feet  hi;,di,  with  a  hir'j,^'  well  proportioned  head, 
and  a  trimk  of  fonr  feet  in  ciremnfenne**,  the  lower 
branehes  swee|)inj;  the  ^romid,  and  the  whole  tree  pro- 
dncini;  annually  from  3.')()  to  KM)  lar;,'e,  ele<ranf,  and 
fragrant  llowers.  Tlu;  seeds,  however,  never  arrive  at 
perfect  matnrity,  althonjjh  the  fruit  attains  its  fidl  si/.e, 
and  remains  upon  the  tree  till  tin;  following  sprinj,'.  This 
tree  still  exists,  and  is  now  upwards  of  IK)  Ujct  hi«,di,  and 
more  than  100  years  of  aLr(>. 

At  Caserta,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  \aples,  this  tree 
has  attained  the  heijfht  of  nearly  ()0  feet.  In  this  cli- 
mate they  also  rip(>n  seeds  freely. 


LONG-LEAVED  MAGXOLLV. 

MAGNOLIA  MACROPHVLLA,  Michuux,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1. 
p.  327.  Mich.  Sylva,  pi.  57. 

The  principal  locality  of  this  fine  species  has  been 
for  many  years  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  Tiincolnton, 
North  Carolina,  10  miles  S.  E.  of  the  town,  near  or  on 
the  estate  of  a  man  named  Smith.  The  trees  occupy 
the  banks  of  a  small  stream,  and  arc  chiefly  dispersed 


f 


V'^ 


84 


EAR-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA. 


over  its  acclivities,  in  a  rich  loamy  soil.  In  Tennessee, 
near  the  Cumberland  river,  I  afterwards  saw  a  few 
small  trees  of  this  species;  but  in  the  winter  of  1830,  in 
an  extensive  tour  which  I  made  through  the  interior  of 
the  Southern  States,  I  met  with  abundance  of  the  ]\Iu<r- 
nolia  macrophi/f/a,  70  miles  from  Tuscaloosa,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Coosa  in  Bibb  county,  Alabama,  growing 
often  in  the  same  bottom  lands  as  the  Illicinm  J/ or idamim. 
To  give  me  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  Mag- 
nolias growing  in  this  vicinitv,  a  farmer  told  me  some 
trunks  produced  IG  rai/s  to  the  cut,  and  that  the  trees 
were  two  feet  in  diameter;  but  as  timber  it  was  little 
esteemed,  not  enduring  long  in  the  air.  To  the  town  of 
Cahaba,  I  still  saw  the  Magnolia,  and  afterwards,  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Tuscaloosa,  on  the  road  down 
the  banks  of  the  Black  Warrior,  towards  Florida,  I  ob- 
served this  species  in  the  greatest  abundance,  often  as 
much  as  60  feet  in  height;  but  being  the  depth  of  winter, 
I,  of  course,  could  form  no  adequate  conception  of  the 
splendour  of  its  appearance  when  in  vigorous  vegeta- 
tion. 

Ear-Leaved  Magnolia,  {magnolia  auricu/ata,  Lam. 
Lojig-leaved  Cucumber  Tree,  Mich.  Sylva,  pi.  5().)  In 
Bartram's  Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  in  this  vicinity, 
there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  70  or  more  feet  high, 
and  with  a  trunk  of  the  diameter  of  two  to  three  feet. 

Umbrella  Tree,  {Magnolia  Iripetala.)  According  to 
Professor  Torrey,  no  person  since  Michaux  has  found 
this  tree  in  any  part  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Tulip  Tree,  {Lyriodendron  tulipifera,  Linn.)  Re- 
specting the  northern  limits  of  this  tree,  G.  B.  Emerson, 
Esq.,  informs  me,  "I  have  found  a  single  tree  of  Lyrio- 
dendron in  Norfolk  county,  Massachusetts.  It  is  plenti- 
ful on  Westfield  river." 


I 


U 


/"i 


Tennoasoc, 
=aw  a  few 
of  1830,  in 

interior  of 
f  the  MuiT. 
la,  on  the 
a,  growing 
Horidamim. 
'  the  Mag- 
1  me  some 
t  the  trees 

was  little 
he  town  of 
irtls,  in  the 
oad  down 
rida,  I  ob- 
e,  often  as 
I  of  w  inter, 
ion  of  the 
js  vegeta- 

Jata^  Lam. 
.  50.)  In 
5  vicinity, 
feet  high, 
fee  feet, 
wording  to 
has  found 

NN.)  Re- 
Emerson, 
of  Lyrio- 
t  is  plenti- 


i    \ 


(ti/i/ori/Ni/i  /I'lir  //v"/" 


l)i-inio|tliylliiiii  |iauril'loriiin 


/>/  'I  //t  I  '/t// 1  //i  fit  nt  fi^ytift '. 


n  xxi 


m 


•=5*. 


■^ih 


.Ikii/'j 


/'<///f//'/,>/;: 


I 


DRlMOPUYLLUM.t 

Natural  Order^  LAURixr.yr;.  (Vcntcn.it.)     Linnirmi  C/assi- 
Jiattion,  Enneandria,  MoNO(iY.\iA. 

Flowers  HERMAPHUoniTK. — Pcrigonium  (i-cleft,  subcampanu- 
late,  the  segments  s|)atluilate-lincar,  e(|iial,  decicluous,  the  base 
persistent.  Stamina  9,  in  3  scries,  all  fertile,  filaments  short, 
the  3  of  the  inner  series  witli  a  pair  of  roundish  large  sessile 
glands,  near  the  base  of  each,  ,/ltit/io's  elliptic-ovate  and 
similar,  all  opening  on  the  inner  side,  l-cclled,  the  cells  equal 
and  parallel,  with  all  the  valves  ascending.  Ovarium  1- 
celled,  with  one  ovule.  Style  short;  stigma  somewhat  de- 
pressed, capitate.     Berry  1  seeded 

A  sempervirent,  small  tree  of  Upper  California,  with  alternate, 
lanceolate,  minutely  reticulated,  pungcntly  aromatic,  smooth 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  smooth,  in  small  terminal 
naked  clusters.  (Nearly  allied  to  Ocotea  of  Aublct,  but  with 
hermaphrodite  flowers,  similar  and  uniformly  introrse  anthers, 
and  a  deciduous  perianth.  The  leaves  are  also  naked,  without 
pennate  nerves,  and  the  inflorescence  not  in  panicles.  It  is  also 
nearly  allied  to  Aperiphracta  of  Nees,  but  with  flowers  of  a 
very  different  habit,  and,  with  those  genera,  belongs  to  the  tribe 

OrEODAPHNEjE.) 

CALIFORNIAN  BAY  TREE. 

DRIMOPHYLLUM  pauciflorum. 

Ocotea  salicifolia?  Kunth,  Synops.  vol.  1.  p.  45S. 

This  is  a  very  elegant  evergreen  tree  of  Upper  Cali- 
fornia, growing  round  Sta.  Barbara,  20  to  25,  or  30 

t  From  A/M;Mi/c,  acrid  to  the  taste,  and  cpi/Axc^,  a  leaf. 


"■■,■:':,■Jl■V(lMP^^-■f 


8G 


DRIMOPHYLLUM. 


feet  high,  with  erect,  terete,  and  smooth  branches.  The 
wood  is  white  and  rather  soft.  Tiic  leaves  arc  alter- 
nate, evergreen,  coriaceous,  perfectly  smooth,  three  to 
four  inches  long,  and  'i  to  H  inches  wide,  lanceolate 
pointed,  but  obtuse,  entire,  with  very  indistinct  slender 
lateral  nerves,  and  strongly  but  minutely  reticulated 
above;  the  footstalks  are  about  two  to  three  lines  long. 
The  odour  and  taste  of  the  leaves  are  very  aromatic, 
the  latter  so  much  so  as  to  be  quite  pungent,  even  more 
so  than  the  leaves  of  the  Bay,  and  they  are  employed 
as  condiments  by  the  inhabitants.  The  flowers  are  in 
small  contracted  clusters,  at  first  surrounded  with  bud 
scales,  which  are  caducous,  but  not  in  the  form  of  an 
involucrum.  The  flowers  are  about  four  or  five  toge- 
ther, on  pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  themselves.  The 
perianth  is  yellowish,  funnel-formed,  and  somewhat 
spreading,  deeply  G-cleft,  the  segments  linear-spathu- 
late  and  smooth,  a  little  pubescent  within  towards  the 
base.  Stamens  9,  with  short  and  broad  filaments,  the 
anthers  oblong,  4-celled,  all  opening  from  within,  the 
cells  parallel  and  nearly  all  equal,  with  the  valves 
ascending,  the  three  innermost  each  furnished  towards 
the  base  of  the  filament  with  two  large  reniform,  sessile 
glands.  The  perianth  is  deciduous,  the  base  alone  being 
persistent,  and  enlarging  with  the  1 -seeded  berry.  The 
perfect  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 


I 


Plate  XXII. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flower  enlarged. 


U  M  B  E  I.  L  U  L  ARIA, 

(Nees  ah  Escnb.) 
Natural  Order,  Laurine^.    Llnnvcan  Classijicallon,  En\e- 

ANDRIA,  MOXOGYNIA. 


Flowers  heumapiirodite. — The  perianth  deeply  G-parted  and 
shortly  companulatc,  the  scj^mcnts  equal  and  deciduous.  Sta- 
mina 12,  the  9  exterior  fertile,  interior  sterile,  the  3  fertile 
innermost  ones  each  with  a  pair  of  large  glands  covering  the 
back  of  the  filament.  „inthers  4-celled,  those  of  the  3d  series 
with  the  two  upper  cells  introrsely  opening,  the  lower  ex- 
trorsely  and  lateral;  the  sterile  fdaments  thread-shaped.  Stig- 
ma peltate,  subrepand.  Berry  1-sccded,  seated  on  the  cup- 
shaped  base  of  the  perianth. 

A  tree  of  Upper  California,  with  alternate  pennately  nerved 
leaves.  The  flowers  aggregated  in  axillary  umbellated  clusters, 
inclosed  by  the  involucrum,  the  scales  of  the  involucrum  broad- 
ish,  alternate  and  approximate,  after  the  opening  of  the  flower, 
caducous. 


i 


% 


CALIFORNIAN  U.MBELLULARIA. 


UMBELLULARIA  Califorxica,  hei^maphrndita,  foliis  pe- 
rennantibiis  oblongo-lanceolatis  vix  acittis  penninerviis 
reticulata-vcnosis  glabris,  pcdunciilis  axilluribus  simpli- 
cibiis,  Jloribus  pluribtis,  umbetla  subcapitata,  pedunciilo 
folio  brevioribiis. 

Tetrantheka?  Californica,  Hooker,  et  Arx.  in  Botan. 
Beech.  Voy.,  p.  159.     Hooker.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  2.  p.  137. 

Laurus  regia?  Douglas.  Journal,  in  Hook.  Compan.  Bot. 
Mag.,  vol.  2. 

This  splendid  evergreen  tree  was  discovered  on  the 


88 


CALIKUUMAN  UMUKLLULAUIA. 


iiortli-wost  coast,  in  Upper  ('{ililbniia,  hy  Mr.  Mcnzies, 
who  first  in!i(l(!  known  to  botanists  tijc  vcc^ctablc  trea- 
sures of  tlint  interesting  and  tiien  unexplored  region. 
Douglas  afterwards  found  it  in  nearly  the  same  country, 
south  of  the  CoUmihia  or  Oregon,  and  adds,  that  it 
attains  llie  lieiijht  of  from  10  to  120  feet,  with  a  diamc- 
tcr  of  from  2  to  1  f(!et.  It  commenc(;s  at  the  southern 
limit  of  the  prevailing  pine  and  fir  forests,  which  line  the 
wastes  of  Oregon.  The  foliage  gives  out,  when  bruised, 
a  most  powerful  camphorated  odour,  which  from  its 
pungency  is  capable  of  exciting  sneezing.  Flowering 
specimens  of  this  interesting  tree  were  in  Douglas's 
collection  from  California.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  how- 
ever, that  no  detailed  description  nor  figure  is  given; 
and  I  had  not  the  good  fortune  to  meet  with  it  myself. 

SASSAFRAS  (Tmuh/s  Sassafras.  Linn).  The  inha- 
bitants of  North  and  South  Carolina  distinguish  two 
kinds  of  Sassafras,  the  Red  and  the  White.  The  Red 
or  true  L.  Sassafras  I  referred  (in  the  Genera  of  North 
American  plants,  vol.  1.  p.  259,  2G0.)  to  a  sub-genus 
Eiiosmns^  embracing  also  the  following  variety,  which 
I  then  considered  as  a  species,  by  the  name  of  />. 
[Euosmus)  albidu.  It  is  distinguishable  from  the  Red 
by  having  the  buds  and  twigs  smooth  and  glaucous;  its 
leaves  arc  also  smooth  and  thin,  ai;d  the  veins  almost 
obsolete  beneath,  the  petiole  is  apparently  longer.  The 
root  is  much  more  strongly  camphorated  than  that  of 
the  Red  sort,  and  is  nearly  white.  It  is  better  calculated 
to  answer  as  a  substitute  for  ochra  {Hibiscus  cscidcntus) 
than  the  common  kind,  as  the  buds  and  young  branches 
are  much  more  mucilaginous.  It  is  abundant  in  North 
and  South  Carolina,  from  the  Catawba  Mountains  to  the 
east  bank  of  the  Santec,  growing  with  the  common 
kinds. 


\ 


REMARKS  ON  THE  LAURIN/E. 


89 


From  the  present  order  of  plants  we  derive  the  Cin- 
namon, Cassia  and  the  Camphor.  Srvcral  species  allord 
tiie  Cinnamon  of  connnerce,  and  tlie  iMurtis  Qni.vos  pro- 
duces tliat  of  Peru.  The  Cinnamon  of  Santa  Fe  dc 
IJogota  is  aflbrded  hy  Ijiunis  Cinmimomoulrs.  A  great 
deal  of  the  finest  camphor  of  India,  liowever,  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  Dryohalanops  Camphorn.  Tiie  volatile  oil 
obtained  from  some  species  of  Laurus  found  in  the  vast 
forests  between  the  Oronoko  and  the  Parime,  is  pro- 
duced in  great  abundance  by  merely  making  an  incision 
into  the  bark  with  an  axe,  as  deep  as  the  liber  or  young 
wood.  It  gushes  out  in  such  quantities  that  several 
quarts  may  be  obtained  by  a  single  incision.  It  has  the 
reputation  of  being  a  powerful  discutient. 


I 


common 


*i 


12 


THE  LINDEN,  or  LIME  TREE. 

Natural  Order  Tiliack^  (Jussicit).  Linnwan  Classification^ 

I'OLYANDUIA,  MoNOGYNIA. 

Tii.iA.t   (r.iNN.) 

Sepals  5.  Pt'lals  5.  S/amciis  nimicroiis,  disposed  more  or  less 
in  5  clusters,  the  central  tuft  (chiclly  in  the  native  species) 
transformed  into  a  petal.  The  ovarty  j^lohular,  villous,  and 
5-celIed,  each  of  the  cells  hcarinji;  2  ovules.  Capsu/c  lig- 
neous, glohular,  by  abortion  only  1 -eel led,  with  1  or  2  seeds. 
Cotyh'duncs  sinuate. 

Trees  of  Europe  and  North  America  with  alternate  dilated  or 
cordate  leaves,  oblique  at  the  base,  serrated  on  the  margin,  and 
with  a  tough  and  fibrous  bark;  stipules  caducous.  The  flowers 
disposed  in  flattish  pedunculated  clusters  (or  cymes),  and  with 
the  peduncle  curiously  adnate  for  a  great  part  of  its  length  to  a 
large  membranaceous,  linear  bracte.  The  rest  of  this  family  of 
plants  are  nearly  all  tropical  productions. 

LARGE  LEAVED  LINDEN,  or  LLME. 

TILIA  HETEROPHVLLA,  folUs  ovalis,  arsfiife  srrralisy  hast 
nunc  cordatis,  nunc  oblique  aut  wqualiter  irnncalis,  subtus 
tomentosis;  nucc  pisiformi.  Ventenat,  Mem.  de  I'Institut., 
torn.  4.  p.  16.  pi.  5.  Puusn,  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol,  2.  p.  3(J3. 
NouvEAu  DuHAMEL,  vol.  1.  p.  229.  Decandolle,  Prod.  vol. 
1.  p.  513. 

TiLiA  HETEROPHVLLA,  leaves  glabrous  and  deep  green  above, 


f  An  ancient  Latin  name,  probably  from  the  Greek  ^r«Aw,  the 
Elm. 


REE. 

las.sijicalion^ 


more  or  less 
live  species) 

villous,  and 
Jap.sx/e  lig- 

or  2  seeds. 


tc  dilated  or 
margin,  and 
'I'he  flowers 
s),  and  with 
s  length  to  a 
lis  family  of 


'ratis,  ha.si 
itis,  suhlii.s 
0  riiistitut,, 
'I.  2.  p.  3()3. 
!,  Prod,  vol. 

I'cen  above, 
;k  irfwwj  the 


M 


■  '*^''^rV|>' 


•y»v. 


4i. 


j>  #; 


1 


1'.  ' 

J 

% 


{^* 


'niia  lii'lri'u|>livllM 

/.i/n/f   /fi/rrt/  /////////  'Ji/A/./  /ii'ft'/-i>/t/i(f/i 


i 


LARGE  LEAVED  LINDEN,  OR  LIME. 


91 


very  white  and  vclvety-tomcntose  beneath,  the  veins  dark 
coloured  and  nearly  glabrous,  with  coarse  mucronatc  serra- 
tures;  petals  obtuse,  crenulate;  staminodia  [inner  petals] 
spatulate,  entire,  style  hairy  at  the  base.  Tukkev  and  Gray, 
Flor.  North  Ainer.,  vol.  1.  p.  2.'J9. 
TiLiA  ALKA.    Smilh's  Insects  of  Georgia,  vol.  I.  p.  21.  t.  11? 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest  and  most  ornamental  trees 
of  tlie  whole  genus,  and  as  far  as  my  own  observations 
go,  it  is  almost  wholly  confined  to  the  shady  forests  of 
the  Ohio  and  its  tributary  streams,  to  which  Pursh  also 
add?;  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi;  Torrey  and  Gray 
received  it  likewise  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Macon,  in 
Georgia,  where  it  was  collected  by  our  late  mutual  friend 
and  excellent  observer  Doctor  Loomis.  In  descending 
the  Ohio,  late  in  autumn,  (about  the  year  181G,)  I 
ffot  out  of  the  boat  in  which  I  was  descending  to  walk 
round  Le  Tart's  Rapids  above  Cincinnati,  here  I  ob- 
served almost  an  exclusive  forest  of  this  fine  Linden,  on 
a  rather  elevated  alluvial  platform,  in  a  light,  rich  cal- 
careous soil.  Most  of  the  trees  were  tall  and  rather 
slender,  GO  to  SO  feet  in  height,  and  the  ground  was 
thickly  strewed  with  their  large  and  singular  leaves, 
almost  as  white  as  snow  beneath.  According  to  the 
herbarium  of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  it  exists  also  in  Virginia, 
probably  on  the  borders  of  the  streams  which  flow  into 
the  Ohio,  near  Pittsburgh;  and  according  to  Doctor 
Short,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  it  forms  in  his  vicinity 
one  of  the  largest  forest  trees  in  the  rich  lands  there. 
DecandoUe  speaks  of  having  received  a  specimen  of 
some  very  similar  species  from  Mexico.  It  does  not 
yet  appear  to  have  been  introduced  into  Europe,  though 
it  is  properly  described  in  the  new  Duhanicl,  probably 
from  Ventenat's  essay,  as  the  leaves  are  saiti  to  be 
snow-white  beneath. 

The  young  branches  arc  purplish  and  somewhat  glau- 


\  •] 


I 


'^ 


!.      J 


92 


LARGE  LEAVED  LINDEN,  OR  LIME. 


cous.  The  largest  leaves  I  have  seen  are  ahout  6  or  7 
inches  long,  and  3  to  5  broad.  In  the  young  state,  the 
white  pubescence  beneath  is  most  conspicuous  when 
the  leaves  are  tiiinly  covered,  the  hairs  are  stellate,  the 
serratures  are  strong  and  sharp,  with  acuminated  rigid 
points,  the  upper  surface  is  dark  green;  the  base  of  the 
leaf  varies  considerably,  sometimes  it  is  sinuated,  at 
other  times  perfectly  flat  and  truncated;  the  leaves  are 
always  very  oblique  at  the  base.  The  flowers  are  some- 
what larger  than  those  of  T.  americana^  and  the  fruit  is 
villous,  nearly  spherical,  and  certainly  always  without 
any  ribs. 

The  TiLiA  ALBA,  White  Lime  of  Michaux,  plate  132, 
not  being  the  T.  alba  of  Kitaibel  and  Aiton,  (Hort. 
Kew.  1.  c.)  which  is  a  native  of  Hungary,  it  is  necessary 
to  change  his  name,  and  we  propose  to  call  it  Tilia 
MicHAuxii,  (Michaux's  Lime,)  if  his  plant  should  indeed 
prove  to  be  any  thing  more  than  a  smoother  variety 
of  our  T.  hetcrophylla. 


Plate  XXIII. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fruit,    h.  The  flower. 


GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS. 

The  Lime  has  long  been  a  favourite  tree  for  avenues 
and  public  walks;  it  is  planted  in  the  streets  of  some  of 
the  principal  towns  of  France,  Holland  and  Germany, 
and  it  is  used  for  forming  jxvenues  both  on  the  continent 
of  Europe  and  in  Great  Britain.  It  has  of  late  years 
been  much  planted  along  the  streets  in  several  towns  and 
cities  of  the  United  States,  but  in  Philadelphia  it  is  so 
much  attacked  by  insects  that  it  probably  will  not  long 
survive.    The  species  employed  for  this  purpose  appears 


out  6  or  7 
state,  the 
ous  when 
;ellate,  the 
atcd  rigid 
ase  of  the 
luated,  at 
eaves  are 
are  some- 
he  fruit  is 
s  without 


plate  132, 
Dn,  (Hort. 
necessary 

1   it   TiLIA 

aid  indeed 
er  variety 


c  flower. 


avenues 
some  of 
Germany, 
continent 
ite  years 
owns  and 
it  is  so 
not  long 
D  appears 


LARGE  LEAVED  LINDEN,  OR  LIME. 


93 


i 


i 


to  be  principally  the  European,  while  the  native  kinds 
being  more  hardy  and  vigorous,  ought  to  have  the  pre- 
ference, particularly  the  present  species,  (7'.  hctcrophi/f/a,) 
which  in  a  good  soil  becomes  a  large  tree,  and  is  at  the 
same  time  splendidly  ornamental.  The  insect  that  de- 
vours the  leaves  of  the  Linden  appears  to  be  a  moth,t 
which  suspends  its  cocoons  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs  of 
the  trees  it  has  stripped;  these  ought  carefully  to  be  re- 
moved and  destroyed,  by  which  means  the  evil,  if  not 
wholly  cured,  would  be  decidedly  mitigated. 

The  Dutch  plant  the  Lime  in  towns,  along  their  widest 
streets,  and  by  the  sides  of  their  canals;  and  the  whole 
country  is  thus  perfumed  by  their  flowers  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August;  they  likewise  aftbrd  an 
ample  repast  for  the  bees. 

The  wood  of  the  European  Lime  tree  is  of  a  pale 
yellow  or  white,  close-grained,  soft,  light,  and  smooth, 
and  not  liable  to  be  attacked  by  insects.  It  is  used  by 
pianoforte-makers  for  sounding-boards,  and  by  cabinet- 
makers for  a  variety  of  purposes.  It  is  turned  into 
domestic  utensils  of  various  kinds,  carved  into  toys,  &c. 
The  most  elegant  use  to  which  it  has  been  applied  is 
for  carving,  for  which  it  is  superior  to  any  other  wood. 
Many  of  the  fine  ^.arvings  in  Windsor  Castle,  St.  Paul's, 
Trinity  College  Library  at  Cambridge,  and  in  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire's  mansion  at  Chatsworth,  from  the  hand 
of  the  celebrated  Gibbons,  are  of  this  wood.  It  makes 
excellent  charcoal  for  gunpowder.  Baskets  and  cradles 
were  formerly  made  from  the  twigs.  The  leaves  are 
also  employed  as  fodder  for  cattle  in  Europe.  It  is 
in  Russia  and  some  parts  of  Sweden  that  the  well- 
known  bass  mats  arc  formed  from  the  inner  bark  of 
this  tree.     The  bark  stripped  from  young  trees  of  six 

f  A  species  of  Oikclinifi. 


J  ' 


HTmilWVIU  n\ 


94 


LARGE  LEAVED  LINDEN,  OR  LIME. 


inches  to  a  foot  in  diameter  are  selected  for  this  purpose. 
These  strips  arc  steeped  in  water  till  the  bark  separates 
freely  into  layers,  it  is  then  taken  out  and  separated  into 
strands,  which  are  dried  in  the  shade,  and  afterwards 
manuflictured  into  the  mats  so  much  used  by  gardeners 
and  upholsterers,  and  for  covering  packages.  The 
fishermen  of  Sweden  make  fishing-nets  of  the  fibres  of 
the  inner  bark,  formed  into  a  kind  of  flax;  and  th«^ 
shepherds  of  Carniola  even  weave  a  coarse  cloth  of  it, 
which  serves  them  for  their  ordinary  clothing.  The 
whole  plant  abounds  with  mucilage,  the  sap,  like  that  of 
the  Maple,  aflbrds  a  considerable  quantity  of  sugar,  and 
the  honey  produced  by  the  flowers  is  considered  superior 
to  all  other  kinds  for  its  delicacy,  selling  at  three  or 
four  times  the  price  of  common  honey;  in  Europe  it  is 
used  exclusively  in  medicine,  and  for  making  some 
particular  kinds  of  liyiiciirs,  especially  Rosolio.  This 
Lime  tree  honey  is  only  to  be  procured  at  the  little  town 
of  Kowno,  on  the  river  Nieman,  in  Lithuania,  which  is 
surrounded  by  an  extensive  forest  of  Lime  trees.  The 
triturated  fruit  produces  also  a  paste  very  similar  to  that 
of  Cocoa.  During  the  taste  for  grotesque  decorations, 
the  Lime,  like  the  Yew,  was  cut  into  various  imitative 
forms,  and  in  some  of  the  public  gardens  of  recreation 
round  Paris  and  Amsterdam  there  are  very  imposing 
colonnades,  arcades,  walls,  pyramids,  and  other  archi- 
tectural looking  masses  formed  of  this  tree. 

The  European  Linden  attains  a  height  of  upwards  of 
100  feet,  and  grows  with  vigour  for  several  centuries. 
In  Switzerland  there  are  some  very  large  and  ancient 
Lime  trees:  one  mentioned  by  Dccandolle  the  younger, 
near  Morgos,  has  a  trunk  of  24  feet  4  inches  in  cir- 
cumference; another  near  the  great  church  at  Berne, 
which  was  planted  before  the  year  1410,  is  30  feet  in 
girth. 


j 


3  purpose, 
separates 
rated  into 
fterwards 
gardeners 
es.     The 
fibres  of 
and  the 
oth  of  it, 
ig.     The 
:e  that  of 
igar,  and 
I  superior 
three  or 
rope  it  is 
ig   some 
3.    This 
ttlc  town 
which  is 
!s.     The 
r  to  that 
arations, 
mitative 
creation 
mposing 
r  archi- 

vards  of 

inturies. 

ancient 

ounger, 

in  cir- 

Berne, 

feet  in 


/lllfllCIII   .//,4/l(//i' 


Klii/opiitti'.'i  AiiM'i'iciiiiii 


/{ /n  \t'/i/ri>rf  1/ .iiiicfiifiii' 


f* 


I'l.XMv 


.///,  /•/.! 


'fiorr  1/  Jiiicrujfiii' 


MANGLE. 

Natural   Order,  Rhizophore^e,    (R.    IJrown.)     Linnican 
Clussijication,  Dodecandria,  Monogynia. 

RinZOPIIORA.f  (Linn.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  obovatc,  coherent  witli  the  ovary,  the  border 
divided  into  4  oblong,  persistent  scgmcnls.  Petals  4,  oblong, 
cmarginate,  coriaceous,  conduplicate,  before  expansion  em- 
bracing the  alternate  stamens,  the  margins  each  with  a  double 
row  of  long  woolly  hairs.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  large,  linear-oblong.  Ovary 
2-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  conical,  short,  2- 
furrowed;  stigma  2-toothcd  or  bifid.  Fruit  ovate  or  ob- 
long, crowned  near  the  base  with  the  persistent  segments  of 
the  calyx,  longer  than  the  tulie,  at  length  perforated  at  the 
apex  by  the  radicle  of  the  germinating  embryo. 

Maritime  trees  of  the  tropics  with  entire  opposite  leaves,  and 
axillary  flowers. 

AMERICAN  MANGLE,  or  MANGROVE. 

RHIZOPIIORA  AMERICANA,  folUs  obovatn-oblongis  ohtusi.s; 

pedunculis  trichotomis  jictiolo  loiigiorihiis,  stylis  sul)ulu- 

tis  bijidis,fructibiis  subnlato-clavatis  obttisis. 
Rhizophoua  mangle.   Jacquin,  Amer.,  p.  141.  t.  S9.   Brown, 

Jam.  p.  211.    Dec  AND.  prod.  vol.  3.  p.  32.    Nutt.  Florid,  pi. 

Sill.  5.  p.  295.    Tor.  and  Gray,  vol.  1.  p.  484.  (not  of  Linn.) 

t  The  name,  from  pi^u,  a  7'oot  <fipa',  to  bear,  in  allusion  to  the 
seed  germinating  before  it  falls  from  the  branches. 


^     A 


m 


AMERICAN  MANGLE. 


Candela  amcricana  follis  Utnrinis.   Catesby's  Carol.,  vol.  2. 

p.  ()3.  t.  G3. 
Mauglc  (U/uah'cdy  Jhiii.s  auhrntuntllN  et  piDtctatis.  Plumieh, 

Gen.  p.  13.  Sloank,  Jam.  p.  IS.I.  Hist.  vol.  2.  p.  G3. 
Murguc  Guapuriba.  Piso's  Brazil,  1.  4.  c.  87.  U. 

This  tree  is  foiiiul  in  the  maritime  swamps  of  Louisi- 
ana and  luist  Florida,  and  along  the  coast  of  Te.\as,  not 
uncommon.  The  Mangrove,  like  the  famous  Banyan 
Fig,  sends  out  innumerable  roots  from  the  fusiform  fruits 
which  terminate  its  branches  into  the  surrounding 
marshes,  so  that  after  a  wliile  a  single  tree  becomes,  as 
it  were,  the  parent  of  a  whole  forest  of  several  miles  in 
extent;  and  growing  well  even  into  the  salt  water,  it  ia 
not  unfrequcnt  to  sec  their  branches  loaded  with  oysters 
(the  Ostrca  folium)  of  an  exquisite  flavour.  Those 
thickets  likewise  afford  a  rcLort  for  various  kinds  of 
sea-fowl,  and  fringing  the  margin  of  the  ocean  and  the 
salt  pools  with  their  spreading  summits,  they  give  a 
peculiar  feature  to  the  tropical  landscape,  but  at  the 
same  time  afford  shelter  to  clouds  of  musquetoes.  The 
bark  and  fruit  are  useful  for  tanning;  the  flower,  accord- 
ing to  Loureiro,  ("yes  a  very  durable  black,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Sloane,  affords  a  material  for  ink. 

The  Mangrove  of  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  Ame- 
rica becomes  a  tree  about  40  to  50  feet  high,  and  2 
to  3  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  ferruginous  bark  and 
white  wood  of  no  great  value,  except  for  fuel,  yet,  ac- 
cording to  Sloane,  the  wood  is  good  for  building  and 
shingles.  The  wood  of  that  of  India,  as  described  by 
Roxburgh  in  his  Flora  Indica,  is  of  a  dark  reddish  colour, 
hard,  and  durable. 

The  Mangrove  is  not  very  tall,  but  very  branching, 
the  branches  almost  always  opposite,  elongated  and 
pendant.  When  touching  the  soil,  they  strike  root  and 
become  new  trees,  which  re-multiply  themselves  in  the 


AMERICAN  MANGLE. 


97 


il.,  vol.  2. 
Plumikh, 


'  liOuisi- 
Bxas,  not 
Banyan 
rm  fruits 
rounding 
omes,  as 
miles  in 
Iter,  it  is 
li  oysters 
,    Those 
kinds  of 
1  and  the 
y  give  a 
It  at  the 
es.    The 
,  accord- 
,  accord- 

cal  Ame- 
h,  and  2 
ark  and 
yet,  ac- 
ing  and 
ribed  by 
|h  colour, 

[anching, 

ited  and 

root  and 

IS  in  the 


same   manner,  thus   forming   an   almost   impoTK  .mblc 
barrier  on  the  borders  of  tlic  s(>a. 

The  leaves  are  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  .«t  first 
folded  inwards,  with  caducous  stipules  between  the 
petioles.  The  (lowers  are  pale  yellow,  the  segments  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate.  The  anthers  are  subulate;  the 
margin  of  tiie  petals  pilose.  The  style  bifid,  with  the 
divisions  rather  long  and  subulate.  The  verdure  of 
the  Mangrove  is  dark  and  gloomy,  and  the  whole  tree, 
inhabiting  a  region  of  desolation,  presents  an  aspect  of 
sadness. 

The  most  extraordinary  plant  of  this,  or  rather  a 
nearly  allied  genus,  is  the  Rhizophora  <rymnorhiza  of 
Linna3us,  (now  Bni^icra.)  This  tree  grows  commonly 
in  the  maritime  marshes  of  India,  and  the  branches  of 
its  numerous  roots  ascending  into  the  air  produce  the 
appearance  of  a  large  umbrageous  tree,  as  it  were,  on 
stilts,  or  as  Roxburgh  says,  supported  in  the  air  on  a 
circle  of  converging  hop-poles.  The  fruit,  the  leaves, 
and  the  bark  of  this  species  are  also  said  to  afford  food 
to  the  native  inhabitants.  A  figure  of  it  is  given  by 
Rumphius,  vol.  3.  t.  G8,  and  by  Rheede,  in  the  Flora 
Malabarica,  vol.  6.  tab.  31,  32. 

Platk  XXIV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fruiL 


13 


G  U  A  V  A  . 

Natural  Order,  Myrtacr^.     Llnnvnati  Classifi cation, 

IcOSANDIlIA,  MONOOYNIA. 

PSIDIUM,t  (Linn.) 

Calf/.r-\\\hc  (or  external  jijerm)  ellipsoid  or  obovato,  often  oon- 
tiactc'd  at  the  summit;  the  border  at  first  iiii(livi<lcd  and  ovate 
\vhil(!  in  flower,  afterwards  1  to  >')-cleft.  Pcldls  5.  Sluincna 
very  numerous,  distiuet.  Sfi/lc  filiform:  .sliij^ina  capitate. 
The  ovari)  with  from  T)  to  !.'()  eells,  some  of  them  abortive, 
each  cell  subdivided  by  the  interposition  of  a  jjlacenta  resem- 
bling a  dissepiment.  Oi'ulefi  numerous,  horizontal.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  berry,  coated  with  the  adhering  ttdje  of  the 
calyx  and  crowned  by  its  persisting  lobes.  The  seeds  scatter- 
ed through  the  ])ulp  in  tiie  ripe  berry,  having  u  bony  or 
hard  shell.  The  enil)ri/o  curved  in  a  half  circle  round  the 
protruded  base  of  the  testa.  Coti/lcdunes  minute,  the  radicle 
rather  long. 

Trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  indigenous  to  the  intertropical  regions 
of  America,  with  opposite,  entire,  imj)unctate,  feather-nerved 
leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  1  to  3  flowered,  each  flower  with  a 
pair  of  bractes.     The  flowers  white. 

FLORIDA  GUAVA. 

PSIDIUM  HirxiFOLiuM,  glat)riim,  ramulis  teretibus,  foliis 
parviilis  coriaceis  cuneato-obovatis  obtusis  siibsessiiioits 
margine  revolntis,  pedunculis  solitariis  brevissimis  unijlo- 
ris,Jructu  pyriformi. 

For  a  knowledge  of  tliis  interesting  tree  or  shrub  we 


I 


t  One  of  the  Greek  names  for  the  Pomegranate.     Giuwa  is  a 
corruption  of  the  American  aboriginal  name  of  Guayuba. 


fiat/ Ion  ^ 


,  ofion  0011- 
il  niul  ovatu 
S/(///icn.t 
a  capitate, 
ni  abortive, 
ciita  rcscni- 
Lal.  Fruit 
ubc  of  the 
c(h  scatter- 
a  bony  or 
round  the 
the  radicle 


ical  regions 
her-ncrvcd 
vvcr  witli  a 


bus,  foliis 
•bscssiiious 
nis  xuiijlo- 


slirub 


vvc 


'jrUdVCl  IS  a 

uba. 


■■^^'^-JR* 


'■-^■"" 


HiVa..,   KviMi^" 


iH.     M 


r 


FLORIDA  GUAVA. 


99 


arc  indebted  to  tlie  late  indefatigable  Dr.  Baldwyn,  >vlio 
met  with  it  in  some  part  of  East  Florida,  near  the  river 
St.  Johns.  To  show  how  very  unlike  this  species  is  to 
all  the  others  known,  it  was  hastily  marked  by  Mr. 
Schweinitz  in  his  herbarium,  (of  which  the  sjK'cimon 
forms  a  part,)  "  Qucrcus  vircns,''^  and,  at  the  first  hasty 
glance  some  resemblance  may  be  traced  with  the  Live 
Oak  in  the  leaf  and  twig,  but,  of  course,  the  presence  of 
the  fruit  at  once  dispels  the  illusion. 

I  have  seen  but  the  single  specimen  now  figured,  and 
would  recommend  its  examination  to  some  future  tra- 
veller. The  twig  is  round,  covered  w  ith  a  grey  bark,  and 
at  near  distances  marked  with  the  cicatrices  of  opposite 
fallen  leaves.  The  leaves  on  the  upper  branchlets  are 
crowded  together  in  opposite  pairs,  of  a  very  thick, 
opaque,  rigid  consistence,  and  appear  to  be  scmpervi- 
rent,  they  are  perfectly  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler 
beneath,  dark  green  above,  cuneatc-obovate,  obtuse, 
sometimes  with  an  attempt  at  a  very  short  and  blunt 
acumination,  with  the  margin  reflected,  and  beneath 
marked  with  numerous  approximating  feathered  nerves; 
they  are  from  1  inch  to  1  h  inches  long  by  ^  to  f  of  an 
inch  wide.  The  peduncles  are  axillary  and  solitary, 
very  thick  in  the  fruit-stalk  and  scarcely  two  lines  long. 
The  flowers  I  have  not  seen.  The  berry  is  blackish- 
purple,  pear-shaped,  about  the  size  of  a  cherry,  and 
appears  to  have  been  succulent,  as  usual;  internally  it  is 
filled  with  horizontal  rows  of  flat,  subreniform,  pale 
brownish  bony  seeds,  with  a  narrow  embryo  curved  into 
the  form  of  a  horse-shoe.  The  cotyledones  are  very 
small,  and  in  the  seed  of  a  bright  waxy-yellow.  This 
species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  the  Purple-fruited  Guava, 
(P.  Cattlcianum,)  scarcely  diircring  in  any  thing  but  the 
smallness  of  the  leaves  find  the  pyriform  fruit,  though 
the  leaves  of  the  Purple  Guava,  besides  being  much 


i 


100 


FLORIDA  GUAVA. 


larger,  are  also  pubescent  when  young.  Most  of  the 
species  of  this  genus  are  cultivated  in  the  tropics  for 
their  fruit.  The  P.  pyrifcnwi,  or  common  Guava,  bears 
a  fruit  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  yellowish,  with  a 
peculiar  odour;  the  pulp  is  rather  firm,  flesh-coloured, 
sweet,  agreeable,  and  aromatic.  In  the  West  Indies  it 
is  highly  esteemed  by  all  classes,  being  eaten  raw,  as  a 
dessert,  or  formed  into  an  excellent  sweetmeat  and 

jelly. 

Of  the  fruit  of  the  Purple  Guava,  to  which  ours  is  so 
closely  related,  Lindley  remarks,  "The  excellent  flavour 
of  its  fruit,  which  is  very  like  that  of  strawberries  and 
cream,  is  far  superior  to  either  P.  pyriferum,  pomtferuni, 
or  poiycarpony  Mr.  Sabine  remarks  of  the  fruit  of  this 
species,  "that  it  is  juicy,  of  a  consistence  much  like  that 
of  a  strawberry,  to  which  it  bears  some  resemblance  in 
flavour." 

What  the  present  species  may  become,  when  culti- 
vated, remains  to  be  proved,  but  in  a  genus  so  generally 
interesting  for  their  fruit,  the  experiment  is  worth  making, 
when  an  opportunity  may  offer.  Probably,  Dr.  Bald- 
wyn  found  it  growing  near  or  above  New  Smyrna,  as 
he  did  not  go  much  farther  into  the  interior  of  East 
Florida. 

Plate  XXV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size  in  fruit. 


'J 


f 


ilost  of  the 
tropics  for 
uava,  bears 
'ish,  with  a 
ih-coloured, 
ist  Indies  it 
1  raw,  as  a 
itmeat  and 

I  ours  is  so 
ent  flavour 
)erries  and 
pomiferum, 
Tuit  of  this 
;h  like  that 
mblance  in 


vhen  culti- 
3  generally 
•th  making, 
Dr.  Bald- 
Smyrna,  as 
)r  of  East 


('iilv|ilr;in(li«*s  rlivli-Mriilia 


I'lA' 


if:. 


"-ym 


bt 


■a-»?s^li»|v^ci5.v 


.  ■:'&■.. 


*"^ 


'>5^.---"     ■ 


(1 


14: 


CALYPTRANTHES,t 

(SWAHTZ.) 

Natural  Order,  MvRTACEiE.     JJnnwan  Ciassljiiulion, 

IcOSANDRIA,  MoNOGYNIA. 


Tube  of  the  calyx  obovate,  with  the  border  entire,  when  flower- 
ing bursting  circularly  in  the  form  of  a  lateral,  and  at  lenu;th, 
deciduous  lid.  Petals  none,  or  2  or  3  and  minute.  Stuyncns 
many.  Style  1;  stigma  simple.  Ovary  2  to  3-cclle(l,  Ihe 
cells  2-seedcd.    The  berry  by  abortion  1 -celled,  1  to  1-seeded. 

Small  trees  of  the  West  India  Islands  and  of  Brazil,  the  leaves 
with  pinnated  veins.  Flowers  small  and  numerous,  usually  in 
axillary  or  terminal  panicles. 

FORKED  CALYPTRANTIIES. 

CALYPTRANTHES  chytraculia,  arboren,  foliis  ovatis 
apice  attenuatis  rigidiusculis  demum  glahris,  jjcduncrilis 
axillari-terminalibus  trichotumis  panicidatis  Jloribusgiie 
rtt/o-velutinis. — Decand.  Prod.  vol.  3.  p.  257. 

C.  Chytraculia,  arborea,  pedunciilis  terrninalibus  trichoto- 
mis  tomentosis,  foliis  ovatis  apice  attenuatis.  Swartz, 
Prod.  p.  79.  Flor.  Ind.  Occid.,  vol.  2.  p.  921. 

Myrtus  chytraculia,  pedimctilis  dichotomis  panicidatis  to- 
mentosis,  foliis  geminis  subovatis  terrninalibus.  Linn. 
Amoen.  Academ.,  vol.  5.  p.  398.  Swartz,  Observ.  p.  202. 

Chytraculia  arborea,  foliis  ovatis  glabris  oppositis,  racemis 
terrninalibus.  Brown,  Jamaic.  p.  239.  t.  37.  fig.  2. 

Eugenia  fallens?  Poiret.  Suppl.,  vol.  3.  p.  122. 

This  plant  forms  an  elegant  and  curious  small  tree, 

f  The  name  from  x4xi«r^a,  a  veil,  and  avSo?,  a  flower,  in  allusion 
to  the  operculid  form  of  the  calyx. 


?*, 


I  I 


102 


FORKED  CALYPTRANTHRS. 


^vitli  hard  wood,  find  in  Jamaica  is  accounted  an  excel- 
lent timber,   but   the  trunks   .seldom  exceed   14  or   15 


inch 


In  Ji 


found  in  the  dry 


m  diameter. 

mountain  lands;  it  is  also  indigenous  to  the  islands  of 
St.  Thomas  and  (iuadalouj)e,  and  it  has  now  also  been 
found  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  Blodgett. 

The  branches  appear  to  be  covered  with  a  grey  and 
smooth  bark.  The  leaves,  when  in  bud,  as  well  as  the 
young  branches,  flower-stalks  and  calyx  are  clad  with  a 
short,  soft,  ferruginous  down,  which  from  the  leaves,  as 
they  advance  in  their  developement,  wholly  disappears, 
they  arc  of  a  lanceolate-ovate  form,  narrowed  into  a 
short  petiole  below;  above  acuminate  but  obtuse;  beneath 
they  are  distinctly  pcnnate-nerved,  and  too  opaque  to 
admit  the  light  throui»h  the  resinous  glands  with  which 
they  are  nevertheless  provided;  they  arc  about  two 
inches  long  by  an  inch  in  w  idth.  The  flowering  panicles 
are  trichotomous,  usually  terminal,  and  considerably 
ramified.  The  flowers  are  small  and  whitish,  from  the 
colour  of  the  stamens.  The  calyx  is  ferruginous  and 
tomentose,  formed  of  a  small  obovate  even  cup,  the 
whole  border  separating  in  a  circular  manner  flies  over 
to  one  side,  in  the  form  of  a  rounded  petal,  from  whence 
issues  the  numerous  filiform  stamens  with  small  whitish 
anthers.  The  germinal  fruit  appears  small,  dry,  and 
tomentose,  but  I  am  unacquainted  with  it  in  a  ripe 
state. 

Plate  XXVI. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  A  flower  magnified,  .showing 
the  lateral  adherence  of  the  lid  of  the  calyx. 


I  an  cxccl- 
14  or  15 
in  the  dry 
islands  of 
also  been 


grey  and 
ell  as  the 
ad  with  a 
leaves,  as 
isappears, 
cd  into  a 
;;  beneath 
•paque  to 
ith  which 
jout   two 
f  panicles 
siderably 
from  the 
ions  and 
cnp,  the 
flies  over 

I  whence 

II  whitish 
dry,  and 
n  a  ripe 


,  showing 


KJ^Iiiiriy    ili'l. 


Sincla.ir'sLitti 


,S'ii>tt//-/r'tti'ft/  /^r/afr/t'/i 


EtijJmiia,  diiihotoma.. . 


/rrtn/iasicr  dSurA^Atntf 


Sinciair'sLiti 


%. 


m 


'*»» 


f). 


,**?■• 

{           :                        1 

T 

' '« '*»-» 

» 

•^:^'i, 

i 

^           ^       '- 

•  V 

-^v." 

~ 

*r*^'  ■ 

,i^' . 

♦  ,:>    '■«■           ■       '- 

'■f 

» 

.-*•■ 

■r*- 

At 

'■  '.^f  '" 

■? 

t-^ 

i 

•tv/,' 


'X 


E  U  G  E  N  I  A  .t 


(MiciiELi,  Linn.) 


Natural  Order,  Myrtacete.    Linnvean  Classification, 

IcOSANDRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 


The  tube  of  the  calyx  roundish,  with  the  border  deeply  4-parted. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  many,  free.  Ovary  2  to  3-cclied,  the 
cells  containing  several  ovules.  Berry  sub-globose,  crowned 
with  the  persisting  calyx,  when  mature  1  or  rarely  2-celled. 
Seeds  1  or  2,  roundish  and  large.  The  embryo  pscudo-mono- 
cotyledonous,  the  cotylcdones  very  thick  and  wholly  blended 
together,  the  radicle  more  or  less  distinct  and  very  short. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  indigenous  to  the  Caribean 
Islands,  or  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  The  leaves  and  in- 
florescence are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Myrtles. 

SMALL-LEAVED  EUGENIA. 

EUGENIA  DicHOTOMA,  pedunculis  acciUarihxis  oppositis  el 
siilHerviinalibus  folio  longioribus  bifidis  uut  bis  bijidis, 
floribus  in  dichoto7niis  sessilibus  cwJeris  ])ediccllatis,  foliis 
elliptico-lanceolatis  basi  attcnuatis  pcllueido-punctatis, 
adultis  glabris,  jiinioribus  utrinque  rarnnlis  calycibusquc 
pubesccntibus. — Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  3.  p.  278. 

Myrtus  dichotoma,YA\\\\  JNISS.  Poiret,  Supplem.,  vol.  4.  p. 
53?  /S.  viwciwss,  foliis  ovatis  glabris.  Eugenia  fragrans. 
WiLLD.  Sp.  PL,  vol.  2.  p.  9G4.  Bot.  Magaz.,  t.  1242.  E. 
montana,  Aubl.  Guian.,  vol.  1.  p.  495.  t.  195? 

Eugenia  divaricata,  Lam.  Encyc,  p.  202. 

This  elegant  and  fragrant  species  of  Eugenia  rcsem- 

t  So  named  in  honour  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  who  was  a 
protector  and  encourager  of  botany,  and  jjossessed  a  botanic 
garden. 


104 


SMALL-LEAVED  EUGENIA. 


I'     ' 


li      1 


m 


bling  a  IMyrtle,  becomes,  at  Key  West,  according  to 
Dr.  Blodgett,  a  tree.  It  is  also  indigenous  to  the  islands 
of  St.  Domingo  and  Cuba,  where  specimens  have  been 
collected  by  Poiteau  and  La  Sagra.  The  variety 
fragrans,  for  such  I  must  consider  it,  is  a  native  of  the 
high  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Jamaica  and 
Martinique,  and  if  the  same  with  Aublet's  E.  montana  it 
is  also  a  native  of  Guiana.  The  E.fragrans  has  many 
years  since  been  collected  by  Dr.  Baldwyn,  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  Smyrna  in  East  Florida. 

The  wood  of  E,  divaricata,  according  to  Lamarck,  is 
hard,  close  grained  and  reddish,  and  is  much  esteemed 
for  articles  of  furniture.  The  wood  of  the  Florida  tree 
is  exactly  similar,  while  that  of  E.  montana^  according  to 
Aublet,  is  hard,  compact  and  white. 

The  branches  of  the  plant  now  figured  are  covered 
with  a  smooth  light  grey  or  silvery  bark,  and  at  the 
summits  are  crowded  with  small  shining  almost  opaque 
leaves,  but  yet  interspersed  with  the  usual  resinous 
vesicles  of  the  genus;  they  are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  length,  and  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
in  breadth,  mostly  elliptic,  or  elliptic-oblong,  and  always 
narrowed  below;  sometimes  they  are  nearly  lanceolate 
and  obtuse  at  the  point;  scarcely  any  veins  are  visible 
on  either  side,  but  the  mid-rib  is  prominent  beneath. 
The  young  leaves,  buds,  peduncles  and  calyx  are  clothed 
with  a  close,  short,  hoary  pubescence,  which  in  the 
variety /raw-raws  is  much  less  distinct  or  almost  wanting. 
The  peduncles  are  axillary,  coming  out  towards  the 
summits  of  the  branches,  and  are  of  various  leiigths, 
sometimes  only  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves,  at  other 
times  crowded  into  trichotomous  branchlets,  two  or  three 
times  longer  than  the  leaves;  in  their  most  sunple  form, 
except  by  the  abortion  of  the  lateral  buds,  they  termi- 
nate in  three  flowers,  the  central  one  sessile  in  the  fork, 


.1    -'. 


SMALL-LEAVED  EUGENIA. 


105 


I  H 


lording  to 
he  islands 
liavo  been 
D  variety 
ve  of  the 
naica  and 
nontana  it 
has  many 
le  vicinity 

imarck,  is 

esteemed 

orida  tree 

wording  to 

3  covered 

ad  at  the 

St  opaque 

resinous 

0  an  inch 

)f  an  inch 

id  always 

anceolate 

re  visible 

beneath. 

e  clothed 

in  the 

wanting. 

^ards  the 

lengths, 

at  other 

or  three 

lie  Ibrm, 

y  termi- 

the  fork, 


;n 


> 


and  the  lateral  ones  are  longish  diverging  pedicels;  at 
other  times  the  peduncles  arc  twice  trifid,  or  even  more 
ramified,  and  lengthened  out  very  nuich  in  the  progres- 
sive ripening  of  the  fruit.  The  segments  of  the  calyx 
are  always  four,  broad  and  rounded,  covered  with  resi- 
nous cists  or  vesicles,  and  pubescent  or  ciliatc  on  the 
margins.  The  petals  are  likewise  rounded  or  concave, 
whitish,  with  a  tinge  of  red.  The  stamens  are  numerous. 
Style  simple  and  subulate.  The  berry  at  length  only 
1-seeded.  There  are  a  pair  of  minute  subulate  bractes 
under  the  base  of  each  flow  er  bud,  but  so  deciduous  that 
they  are  seldom  to  be  seen. 

One  of  the  specimens  of  the  variety  fragrans  from 
New  Smyrna  has  very  slender  twigs;  and  on  the  same 
specimen  there  are  obtuse  and  very  sharply  acute  leaves. 
In  this  also  the  peduncles  are  chiefly  axillary.  This 
plant  is  nearly  as  fragrant  as  the  common  Myrtle. 

Plate  XXVII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  a.  The  flower  a  little  enlarged. 
b.  The  berry,  of  the  natural  size. 


14 


lOG 


TALL  EUGENIA. 


I    I 


EUGENIA  VTHociERA,  pedicellis  unijloris  axillaribus  2-4  con- 
fertis  folio  brevioribus  sub  Jlore  bibracteolatis,foliis  ovatis 
obtuse  acuminatis  ramisque  glabris.  PoiRET,Suppl.  Encycl., 
vol.  2.  p.  129.  Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  3.  p.  268. 

MvRTUs  PROCERA,  pcdunctiUs  confertis  axillaribus  uniflorisj 
foliis  ovatis  acuminatis  planis  glabris,  ramis  virgaiis, 
caule  arboreo.  Swartz,  Prodr.  p.  77.  Flor.  Ind.  Occident., 
vol.  2.  p.  387.  WiLLD.  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4.  p.  968. 

This  is  another  plant  with  the  aspect  of  a  Myrtle, 
which  becomes  a  tree  and  attains  an  elevation  of  20  to 
30  feet.  It  was  discovered  by  Swartz  in  the  forests  of 
the  interior  of  Hispaniola.  It  is  likewise  indigenous  to 
the  islands  of  Martinique,  Sta.  Cruz,  and  has  now  been 
found  common  on  Key  West  by  the  same  gentleman 
who  met  with  the  preceding  species. 

The  wood  appears  to  be  white  and  close-grained. 
The  twigs  are  clothed  with  a  light  grey,  almost  white 
and  silvery  bark,  and  are  spreading  and  sometimes  zig- 
zag. The  leaves  are  on  short  petioles  H  to  2^  inches 
long,  by  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  ovate, 
acuminate,  and  obtuse,  rather  opaque,  nearly  scentless, 
though  provided  with  the  usual  resinous  vesicles,  and 
from  the  bud  they  are  perfectly  smooth.  The  flowers 
are  said  to  be  fragrant,  and  come  out  on  separate 
axillary  peduncles,  from  2  to  4  together;  the  peduncles 
at  first  are  not  more  than  3  or  4  lines  long,  but  grow 
out  at  length  to  the  extent  of  half  an  inch.  The  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  are  4,  rounded  and  broad,  rough, 
with  aromatic  vesicles,  but  smooth.  The  petals  4,  are 
rounded  and  concave,  slightly  ciliated,  and  appear  to 


his  2-4  con- 
foliis  ovatis 
ppI.EncycL, 

IS  uniflorisj 
is  virgatis, 
J.  Occident., 


a  Myrtle, 
n  of  20  to 
)  forests  of 
igenous  to 
i  now  been 
gentleman 

3e-grained. 
nost  white 
jtimes  zig- 
'  2J  inches 
ide,  ovate, 
scentless, 
sides,  and 
le  flowers 
1  separate 
peduncles 
but  grow 
The  seg- 
id,  rough, 
tals  4,  are 
appear  to 


I  .  • 


/ 


"l^; 


1 


-•.  t. 


I 


r.iitioiiiji  |U'0(MMn 


/<///    JitO/l'lUU 


l(iiii/p(i{>u'r  e/fr4' 


¥/ 


I     I 


!' :' 


TALL  EUGENIA. 


107 


h.ive  been  reddish-white.  Stamens  numerous,  the  an- 
thers whitish.  The  berry  spherical,  brownish-yellow, 
about  the  size  of  a  grain  of  black  pepper,  studded  over 
with  numerous  glands  or  aromatic  cists,  and  crowned 
with  the  broad  persisting  border  of  the  calyx:  at  first 
2-celled,  with  several  ovules,  at  length  the  berry  is  only 
1-seeded,  the  seed  large,  with  no  distinct  cotylcdones. 
It  flowers  in  April.  The  size  of  the  leaves  appear  to 
vary,  so  that  in  some  specimens  they  are  uniformly  only 
about  half  the  dimensions  we  have  given. 

Plate  XXVIII. 


I  >i| 


I' 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size  and  of  the  large  leaved  kind. 
A  cluster  of  the  berries. 


a. 


" 


i 

! 


108 


li      > 


BOX-LEAVED  EUGENIA. 

EUGENIA  ^iVxlTQl.^  \,  pcduncu/is  axiUarihis  ramosis  rmilti- 
Jlorifi  brci'isslmis,  pcdiccllis  sub  Jlorc  bihraclculaliti,  fnliis 
obovalo-ohloHi^ift  obltt.sis  basi  (tttenuatis  opucissxiblus  punc- 
tatis  mari^ine  subrcvolutis. — Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  3.  p.  275. 
WiLLD.  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2.  p.  900. 

Myrtus  buxifolia,  raccmuUs  hrevisshnis  conferfis  axillari- 
bu,s,foliis  cti/ieatisob/ongis  ubtusis  convexiusculis.  Swartz, 
Prod.  p.  78.  Flor.  Ind.  Occident.,  vol.  2.  p.  899.  M.  monti- 
cola  ?  SwARTZ,  Flor.  Ind.  Occid.,  vol.  2.  p.  898. 

Myrtus  axillalis,  Poiret,  Diet.  vol.  4.  p.  412,  (non  Swartz.) 
M.  Poircti,  Spreng.  Syst,  vol.  2.  p.  483. 

This  plant,  also  a  native  of  Cuba,  St.  Domingo,  and 
Jamaica,  has  been  observed  at  Key  West  by  Dr.  Blod- 
gett,  where  it  is  very  conn'iion  in  sterile  places,  affecting 
the  vicinity  of  the  sea,  and  becoming  a  tree  of  about  20 
feet  in  height,  with  a  hard,  white,  close-grained  wood. 
The  bark  is  whitish-grey  and  even,  the  twigs  are  slen- 
der and  chiefly  clothed  with  leaves  towards  their  sum- 
mits, they  are  wedge-oblong,  sometimes  almost  lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  and  always  narrowed  below  into  a  minute 
petiole,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  nearly  sessile,  above 
of  a  darkish  green  and  somewhat  shining,  beneath  dull 
and  paler,  slenderly  nerved  beneath,  somewhat  opaque, 
punctate  and  slightl}'^  revolute  on  the  margin,  they  are 
about  \\  inches  long  by  ^  to  f  of  an  inch  wide.  The 
flowers  are  very  small,  in  axillary  branching  clusters  of 
3  to  7  together  on  the  minute  and  very  short  bracteate 
raceme;  there  are  2  minute  bracteoles  under  each 
flower;  the  calyx  as  well  as  the  petals  are  studded  with 
resinous  glands,  and  the  latter  arc  more  than  twice  the 


w.^is  mil  It  i- 
latis,  foil  is 
'htus  punc- 
1.  3.  p.  275. 

is  axiUari- 

'y.  SWARTZ, 

M.  inonti- 


jn  Swartz.) 

lingo,  and 
Dr.  Blod- 
,  affecting 
'  about  20 
ned  wood. 
;  are  slen- 
iheir  sum- 
st  lancoo- 
a  minute 
ile,  above 
neath  dull 
it  opaque, 
,  they  are 
ide.  The 
;lusters  of 
bracteate 
ider  each 
[Ided  with 
twice  the 


4^^l''' 


f' 


f^\    - 


K'H?^' 


■■w* 


{ 


hi' 


t'>'v'f\ 


r 


..^* 


.-HTJI 


^     ^ 

•^i«^:' 


lu. 


k  »> 


f"{^ 


i 


■<<' 


S^J. 


I.' 


the 


^"•,    ^  -V 


Kiiiiciiia  biixiloli:! 


rixxix 


UiAt:  /t'itiYv/  /,'///, 


laeHKi 


/(nn/M>i'it'rii  ffiuif/rx  J*  huis. 


f*^ 
W- 


BOX-LEAVED  EUGENIA. 


109 


length  Of  the  calyx.  The  calyx,  racemes,  and  minute 
branchlets  are  covered  with  a  close  brownish  pubes- 
cence.  The  flowers  are  polygamous,  on  many  speci- 
mens  sterile,  though  furnished  with  the  pistillum,  and 
many  of  the  flowering  clusters  are  produced  on  the 
naked  branches  where  they  have  been  preceded  by  the 
former  leaves  The  berry  is  dark  brown,  covered  with 
resinous  glands  or  cists,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of 
black  pepper,  and  when  mature  contains  one  or  more 
(rarely  2)  large  seeds  in  1  or  2  cells,  with  blended,  in- 
separable  cotyledones. 


/     ! 


i  i 


Plate  XXIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     «.  A  flower  enlarged,     b 
berry,    c.  A  berry  with  2-cells. 


The 


■     \ 


A  il 


IIP 


i   \ 


INDIAN    ALMOND. 


Natural  Order,   Combretace^,   (R.  Brown.)     Lhincean 
Classification,  Decandria,  Monogynia. 


TERMIN ALIA,  (Linn.  Decand.) 

Flowers  often  polygamous  from  abortion. — Border  of  the  calyx 
deciduous,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  divisions  acute.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  10,  in  a  double  row,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Ovary  with  2  or  3  ovules.  Style  filiform,  somewhat  acute. 
Drupe  not  crowned  by  the  calyx,  often  dry,  indehiscent,  1- 
seeded.  The  seed  resembling  an  almond.  Cotyledones  spi- 
rally convolute. 

Trees  of  the  largest  size  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite  leaves,  crowded  towards  the  extremities  of  the  branches, 
and  hence  the  generic  name.  Flowers  in  spikes,  the  spikes  in 
racemes  or  panicles,  bisexual  in  the  lower  part,  and  male  in  the 
upper. 

§  L  Catappa,  (Gaertner.)  The  drupe  compressed,  with  the 
margin  tvingcd  or  much  attenuated. 

CATAPPA,  OR  INDIAN  ALMOND. 

TERMINALIA  cat avp a,  foliis  obovatis  basi  attenuatis  stib- 
tus  m,ollitfr  pubescentibus,  glatidulis  m.inim.is  subtus  in 
basifolii  ad  latus  nervi  m,edii. — Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  3.  p. 
11.  Linn.  Mantis,  p.  519. 

Terminalia  catappa,  leaves  about  the  extremities  of  the 
branchlets  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  cuneate  and  attenuated, 
at  the  same  time  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  a  little  repand, 
with  a  large  depressed  gland  beneath  on  each  side  the  midrib 
near  the  base:  racemes  axillary,  solitary,  simple,  shorter  than 


D. 

)     IJnncBan 

A. 


■  of  the  calyx 
ute.  Petals 
in  the  calyx, 
lewhat  acute, 
dehiscent,  1- 
yledones  spi- 


ate  or  rarely 
the  branches, 
the  spikes  in 
I  male  in  the 


sed,  with  the 


\J). 


'enuatis  sub- 
is  subtus  in 
od.,  vol.  3.  p. 

lities  of  the 
id  attenuated, 
little  repand, 
le  the  midrib 
,  shorter  than 


n  \\\ii. 


(M-lililuiIlK    «-:ilii)i|):l 


/lii<liiiii(t  r  I  A-  •  Ifii/d /j)ir 


CATAPPA,  OR  INDIAN  ALMOND. 


Ill 


the  leaves;  drupe  oval,  compressed,  glabrous,  with  elevated 
navicular  margins,  convex  on  both  sides.  Aunot,  Prodr.  Ind. 
Orient,  vol.  1.  p.  313.  Jacquin's  Ic.  rar.,  vol.  1.  tab.  197. 
Lam.  lUust.  tab.  848.  fig.  1.  Jidamarum,  Rheep,  Flora 
Malabarica,  vol.  4.  tab.  3  and  4.  Torrev  and  Gray,  Flor.  N. 
Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  485. 

According  to  Torrey  and  Gray,  Dr.  Hasler  has  dis- 
covered this  splendid  tree  in  Soutiicrn  Florida.  A 
variety  of  it  is  known  to  exist  in  the  Caril)b(?an  Islands, 
which  Humboldt  and  Kunth  imagined  to  be  introduced, 
but  for  this  supposition  there  is  probably  no  sufficient 
ground,  as  Poiteau  collected  it  in  the  forests  of  St.  Do- 
ininifo,  of  which  I  have  a  specimen  now  before  me.  A 
near  congener,  if  not  the  same  thing,  was  found  in 
Guiana  by  Aublet,  his  Tanibouca;  yet  the  favourite  re- 
gion of  its  existence  is  in  the  tropical  forests  of  India, 
on  the  sandy  and  gravelly  coasts  of  Malabar,  and  in  the 
island  of  Java;  it  there  becomes,  according  to  Rheed, 
a  very  large  and  splendid  tree  of  a  pyramidal  form,  like 
that  of  a  lofty  spruce,  the  leafy  summit  being  composed 
of  almost  horizontal  branches  disposed  in  circular 
stages.  Its  wood  is  white,  very  hard,  covered  with  a 
smooth  grey  bark  which  is  red  within.  The  leaves, 
situated  near  to  the  extremities  of  the  branchlets, 
6  or  7  together,  at  intervals,  form  circular  clusters  of 
great  regularity;  they  are  about  6  to  9  inches  long,  by 
3  to  5  wide,  of  an  inversely  ovoid  or  cuneate  oval 
figure,  widening  towards  the  summit,  where  they  be- 
come almost  round,  with  a  short,  abrupt,  slanting  point 
in  the  centre,  narrowed  and  somewhat  cordate  at  the 
base,  nearly  entire,  or  obscurely,  though  sometimes  very 
distinctly  crenulated  on  the  border,  green  and  smooth 
above,  slightly  pubescent  beneath;  the  young  leaves  and 
shoots  as  well  as  the  petioles,  clothed  with  a  brown  and 
close  tomentum.  The  flowers  are  small,  without  scent, 
of  a  whitish-green,  and  disposed  in  great  numbers  in 


i;      H 


112 


CATAPPA,  OR  INDIAN  ALMOND. 


several  almost  terminal  axillary  slender  spikes,  they  are 
nearly  sessile,  with  caducous,  concave,  oval,  pointed 
bractes.  The  calyx  contains  a  small,  very  hairy,  5- 
toothcd  cup.  The  spikes  are  not  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
The  fruit  is  an  elliptic  shell,  a  little  compressed,  glabrous, 
surrounded  with  an  elevated  margin,  convex  on  both 
sides,  and  reddish-brown  when  mature.  This  dry  drupe 
includes  an  oblong  very  hard  nut,  of  one  cell,  containing 
a  white  kernel,  of  a  taste  approaching  to  that  of  the 
filbert  nut,  but  more  oily  and  soluble. 

In  India  it  is  filso  cultivated  in  gardens.  The  large 
almond-like  kernels  of  its  nuts  are  eaten  and  served  at 
the  best  tables.  An  oil  is  obtained  from  the  kernels 
by  expression  similar  to  that  of  the  olive,  which  is  said 
never  to  become  rancid.  It  is  made  also  into  emulsions 
like  almonds.  The  Indians  employ  the  leaves  medici- 
nally for  indigestion,  bilious  aflfections,  and  other  mala- 
dies. 


Plate  XXXII. 


A  small  branch  of  the  natural  size, 
nut 


a.  The  flower,     b.  The 


Terminalia  Benzoin  has  a  milky  sap,  and  was  believed 
to  produce  the  Benzoic  acid,  which,  however,  is  now 
doubted. 

Another  of  the  species,  Terminalia  vernix,  is  said  to 
afford  the  celebrated  Chinese  and  Japanese  varnish  used 
in  their  lacquer  ware.  This  tree  grows  on  the  mountains 
of  several  of  the  southern  provinces  of  China,  and  in  the 
Moluccas.  It  possesses  a  lactescent  juice,  which  as 
well  as  its  exhalations  even,  are  said  to  be  deleterious, 
but  the  kernels  of  its  fruits,  like  those  of  the  Catappa, 
are  perfectly  harmless  and  agreeable.  At  Batavia  regu- 
lar plantations  are  made  of  the  Terminalia  Moluccana  in 
the  gardens  and  places  of  public  resort,  for  the  sake  of 
its  agreeable  shade. 


Bs,  they  arc 
al,  pointed 
y  hairy,  5- 
tlic  leaves, 
d,  glabrous, 
ex  on  both 
s  dry  drupe 
,  containing 
that  of  the 


The  large 
id  served  at 
the  kernels 
hich  is  said 
0  emulsions 
ves  medici- 
other  mala- 


ver.     b.  The 

ras  believed 
ver,  is  now 

,  is  said  to 
arnish  used 
5  mountains 
.,  and  in  the 
i,  w^hich  as 
deleterious, 
le  Catappa, 
itavia  regu- 
Woluccana  in 
the  sake  of 


ronorarpiR   erreta. 


Jiuiton  tre4t. 


(oiioi'ftvpe  i/rt>t/ 


I'lXXMii 


K^.:l 


#2/ 


V'^* 


^/jw  t/n'fV. 


i%if     ji     •<.    .".V 


if'      • 


f- 


.Ai>;'  ■ 


#' 


I' 


CONOCARPUS.t 

(diKnTNEn.) 

Natural  Order,  CoMrmKTAcn.f;.      Unnican  ClassiJI cation, 
Pentandkia,  Monoovnia. 

The  flowers  densely  ap^i'^'fi'ited  in  c;lol)iilar  or  ohlonu;  splkcts  like 
amcnts. — Tiil)c  of  tlie  c(tli/x  alxiiit  \\w  lcnfj;tli  of  tliu  ovary, 
persistent;  tiie  border  .'j-clcft.  Petals  none.  Stiiinois  ;j  to 
10,  exserted;  the  anthers  heart-shaped.  (Juarj/  conipresscid, 
containing  3  ovules.  The  fniits  coriaceous,  corky  and  scale- 
like,  closely  imbricated,  and  indehiscent.  Cutytcdoncs  spirally 
convolute. 

Small  maritime  trees  or  shrubs,  with  allernatc,  entire,  some- 
what coriaceous  leaves.  Heads  of  flowers  pedunculated,  axillary 
or  terminal,  solitary  or  in  panicles. 


BUTTON-TREE. 

CONOCARPUS  EnECTA,/o///.9  ohlont^is  iitrhique  (tcnuifua/h- 
ssepius  bast  /)ig/a)idi(/osis,  capilnlls  paniculalis. — Dkcand. 
Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  IG.  Jaci*.  Amcr.,  p.  7S.  t.  52.  Catksuv's 
Carolina,  tab.  33. 

tt.  arborca.    Decand.  1.  c. 

Conocarpus  erccta,  fruits  retrorsely  imbricated  in  a  subglobosc 
head,  somewhat  boat-shaped,  scarcely  winged;  tube  of  the 
calyx  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary;  leaves  oval-lanceolate, 
mostly  aci.te  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  usually  with  2  glands 
at  the  base;  heads  paniclcd. — Touuey  and  Guav,  Flor.  N. 
Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  48.5. 

t  From  Kavoc,  a  cone,  and  MafTra,  sx  fruit,  its  fruit  resembling  the 
cone  of  an  alder. 
15 


114 


BUTTON-TREE. 


irii 


:;  :  I  '  i 


I'l 


i  i 


; ;  ii  ■ 


dHi^  ^ 


Manghala  arbor  Curassavica  foliis  sal'ignis.     IlEBiM.  Parad. 

Bat,    CoMMELiN,  Ilort.  Amst.,  p.  115.  cum.  ic. 
»^lmis  viaritima  myrtifolia  coriariorum.     Pluk.  Almag.  18. 

t.  240.  f.  8. 
t/Ibii  frnctu  laur'ifnlla  arbor  maritima,    Sloane,  Jam.  Hist., 

2.  p.  18.  t.  161.  f.  2. 
Jnnominata.     Plum.  ic.  135.  t.  144.  f.  2. 

This  is  another  tropical  West  Indian  tree  which  the 
southern  extremity  of  East  Florida  has  afforded.  It  has 
been  observed  on  the  shore  of  Key  West,  Southern 
Florida,  and  around  Tampa  Bay.  In  the  West  Indies, 
like  the  Mangrove  with  which  it  grows,  and  for  a  kind 
of  which  it  is  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  who  call  it  Mangle 
Saragoza,  it  affects  the  low  sandy  and  muddy  shores 
near  the  sea,  where  it  becomes  an  erect  tree  about  30 
feet  high,  with  the  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  having  a 
smooth  whitish-grey  bark  and  angular  branchlets.  In 
South  America  it  also  exists  on  the  coast  of  Guayaquil, 
and  in  Chili,  near  Valparaiso.  In  a  country  where  the 
finest  kinds  of  wood  are  so  common,  that  of  the  "Button 
Tree"  is  little  esteemed,  and  it  is,  therefore,  only  used 
for  fuel;  it  is,  however,  fine  and  close-grained,  in  the 
branches  brownish-Avhite,  capable  of  a  high  polish,  with 
scarcely  any  visible  annual  layers,  and  made  up  almost 
wholly  of  dotted  medullary  rays.  The  general  aspect 
of  its  inflorescence,  and,  indeed,  its  closely  imbricated 
inelegant  heads  of  flowers  lead  us  almost  to  compare  it 
with  some  of  the  amcntaccso,  particularly  the  Alder,  while 
its  real  relations  are  to  the  present  family,  Avhich  includes 
in  the  Comhretum  itself,  and  the  singularly  splendid 
Cacoiicia  of  Aublet,  some  of  the  most  elegant  and  beau- 
tiful of  plants. 

The  bark  is  grey,  bitterish  and  astringent,  and  no 
doubt  medicinal.  The  leaves  of  a  yellowish-green,  are 
from  2  to  3  inches  long,  I  to  an  inch  broad,  acute  at 


BUTTON-TREE. 


115 


•:rm.  Parad. 
Almag.  18. 
Jam.  Hist., 


I  which  the 
led.  It  has 
,  Southern 
'est  Indies, 

for  a  kind 

II  it  Mangle 
ddy  shores 
e  about  30 
r,  having  a 
ichlets.    In 
Guayaquil, 
r  where  the 
;he  "Button 
;,  only  used 
ned,  in  the 
polish,  with 
)  up  almost 
eral  aspect 
imbricated 
compare  it 
ilder,  while 
ch  includes 
ly  splendid 

and  beau- 


each  end,  very  smooth,  and  on  short  petioles,  which  have 
fioquently  two  glands  at  the  base.  The  flowers,  for 
which  butterflies  have  a  great  predilection,  are  very 
inconspicuous,  greenish-yellow,  small,  and  collected  into 
globose  heads,  in  axillary  and  terminal  few-flowered 
panicles  on  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  capituli. 
The  heads  at  length  become  reddish;  the  capsules 
are  small  and  scale-like,  corky,  dilated  elliptic,  internally 
concave,  with  broad,  thin,  carinated  margins,  and  are 
very  often  abortive,  never  more  than  1 -seeded,  and 
pubescent  at  the  summit. 

The  island  of  Cuba  aflfords  another  allied  but  very 
distinct  species,  which  may  be  the  C.  procumhcns  of 
Jacquin,  put  down  as  a  variety  of  the  present  by 
Decandolle;  the  calyx,  however,  is  almost  entirely 
smooth,  with  very  acute  segments,  and  the  leaves  are 
sharply  apiculated,  and  sometimes  obtuse  w  ith  a  short 
point.  In  this  the  wood  appears  to  be  very  hard  and  as 
close-gr  lined  as  Mahogany,  of  a  dull  white,  inclining  to 
grey,  v  ith  a  delicate  feathered  appearance,  and  a  thick 
bark,  grey  externally  and  blackish  within. 

According  to  Pince  Maximilian,  the  bark  of  the 
Conocarpiis  raccmosa  (one  of  the  plants  called  Mangrove 
in  Brazil)  is  much  used  at  Rio  Janeiro  for  tanning. 

Plate  XXXIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  flower,  b.  The  fruit, 
of  the  natural  size.     c.  The  same  r>-  ^nified. 


lit,  and  no 
-green,  are 
i,  acute  at 


UG 


SILKY  BUTTON-TREE. 

CONOCARPUS  ERECTA.  y.  sericea,  (Forstcr  in  herb.  I'Herit.) 
Jbliis  oblongis  utrinque  acwninatis  ad  utramque  paginam 
etiam  adultis  adpressh  villoso-sericeis.  Decand.  Prod.,  vol. 
3.  p.  16. 

Mangle  foliis  oblongis  integris  idrinqiie  violli  lanitgine  holo- 
sericea  obduciis.  Sloane,  Hist.  Jam.,  vol.  2.  p.  67.  tab.  187. 
fig.  2. 

According  to  Sloano,  this  tree  is  known  in  Jamaica 
by  the  name  of  the  White  Mangrove,  and  attains  the 
height  of  20  feet,  having  white  wood  with  a  very  small 
pith;  the  bark  is  also  smooth  and  whitish.  This  variety, 
or  species,  has  also  been  found,  with  the  above,  at  Key 
West,  in  East  Florida,  by  Dr.  Blodgett.  We  do  not 
see  any  thing  to  distinguish  it  as  a  separate  species 
from  the  crcda  except  the  peculiar  silky,  shining  pubes- 
cence with  which  the  leaves  continue  to  be  clothed  even 
in  the  adult  state. 


I .  ,^ 


!(.'' 


erb.  I'Herit.) 
ue  paginam 
I.  Prod.,  vol. 

mgine  holo- 
67.  tab.  187. 


n  Jamaica 
ittains  the 
very  small 
lis  variety, 
ve,  at  Key 
^e  do  not 
-te  species 
ing  pubes- 
Dthed  even 


.  ♦  >;  • 


l.:Mjiiii«'iil:n-iii   i-jh*<muos:i 

li/ii/,'     Uiiiniriiic  MiiiK/hCr ii   (/rtil'ih's 


ar 


'Iti'i' ii  iii'i initfx. 


'.','.'1- 


"*-■%,, 


■ 

->.j%jft>\ 

(■: 


■■.':'..;i^ 


V    ■■■V-..l>' 


I 


V.   i 


'M 
\i:^ 


LAGUNCULARI  A,t 

(G^RTNKR.) 

Natural  Order ^  Comhretack.f..     Limncan  C/asslJicallun, 
Decanduia,  Moxogyma. 

Coh/,r  border  persisting,  suboanipiiiuilalc,  5-lobc(.l.  Petals  5, 
minute,  spreading  and  caducous.  Sfanie/is  5  or  10,  in  two 
series,  included.  Sh/fc  subulate,  stigma  capitate.  Nif/  mar- 
gined, coriaceous,  valveless,  1  or  2-seedcd,  crowned  with  the 
calyx.     Colijleduncs  convolute;  the  radicle  very  long. 

A  tree  of  the  Caribbce  islands  with  o])posite,  elliptic,  smooth 
leaves.  Racemes  opposite,  many-flowered,  the  flowers  sessile, 
furnished  with  deciduous  bractes;  the  calyx  bibractcolate  at  the 
summit.  The  seed  germinating  within  the  nut.  A  genus  nearly 
allied  to  Luainitzeka  of  India. 


WHITE  MANGROVE. 

LAGUNCULARI  A  racemosa,  Gxrtner,  fil.  Carpol.,  vol.  3. 

p.  209.  t.  217.  Dec  AND.  Prodr.,  vol.  3.  p.  17. 
CoNocARPUs  race:mosa,  y^/Z/.s  lanccolalo-ovatis  obtusiuscuUs, 
fructihus  seqregalis.    Linn.  Sp.  ])1.    Willd.,  vol.  2.  p.  995. 

SwARTZ,  Obs.  p.  79.   Jacq.  Amer.  p.  SO.  t.  53. 
Conocarpus,  foiiis  cUiptico-ovalin,  petiolis  biglandulosis,  ru- 

ceinis  taxis,  fructihus  sejunctis.  Browne,  Jam.  p.  159. 
Mangtn  julifera,  fotiis    clUpticis    ex   adverso   nascentibus. 

Sloane,  Jam.  p.  156.  Hist.  vol.  2.  p.  Gfi.  tab.  187.  f.  1.  Raii, 

Dendr.  p.  115. 
Sphenocarpus.  Riciiard,  Anal.  Fr.  p.  92. 
ScHOusBOA  commutata.  Sprengel,  Syst.  Vcgct.,  vol.  2.  p.  332. 

This  plant  is  a  native  of  the  sandy  and  muddy  shores 


f  From  taguucufa,  a  little  bottle,  in  allusioh  to  the  form  of 
the  nut. 


118 


WHITE  MANGROVE. 


i 


of  the  Caribbean  islands  and  the  neighbouring  continent, 
where  it  becomes  a  lofty  branching  tree,  sometimes 
dividing  into  three  or  four  trunks  close  to  the  ground: 
it  is  called  White  Mangrove  by  the  English  inhabitants 
of  these  islands.  Dr.  Itlodgctt  has  sent  specimens  of 
this  tree  also  from  Key  West,  in  East  Florida. 

The  branches  are  cylindric  and  brownish,  the  twigs 
ferruginous;  the  leaves  are  opposite  and  smooth,  about 
three  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  upon 
short  petioles,  quite  entire,  thick,  and  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse,  and  sometimes  emargi- 
nate,  with  a  pair  of  glands  near  the  summit  of  the 
petiole,  and,  in  most  of  the  leaves,  towards  the  edge 
appear  a  number  of  raised  glandular  points,  which  arc 
closed  or  open.  The  flowers  are  disposed  in  axillary 
and  terminal  elongated  racemes,  the  racemes  sometimes 
trifid.  Flowers  small,  sessile,  greenish-whitej  the  germ 
pyriform,  and,  as  well  as  the  short  border  of  the  calyx, 
covered  with  a  short  whitish,  silky  pubescence.  Petals 
5,  very  small  and  caducous.  Stamens  5,  not  exserted. 
The  germ  at  its  summit  with  2  small  dentiform  brac- 
teoles,  the  bractes  themselves  short,  broad  ovate  and 
caducous.  Style,  at  length  somewhat  exserted,  with  a 
small  capitate  stigma.    Nut  1 -seeded. 


Plate  XXXIV. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  nut  in  an  early  stage. 


>_ 

'!-. 


^ 


•1.. 


t 


g  continent, 
sometimes 
the  ground: 
inhabitants 
iccimens  of 
la. 

I,  the  twigs 
ooth,  about 
wide,  upon 
vhat  coria- 
les  emargi- 
imit  of  the 
Is  the  edge 
,  which  are 
in  axillary 
sometimes 
)',  the  germ 
*  the  calyx, 
ce.  Petals 
►t  exserted. 
form  brac- 
ovate  and 
ted,  with  a 


irly  stage. 


lin/ifn/  Berrr 


Sho|»lu'rititi  ariieiileu 


,y, 


JU/OIIA'14'r  ///' 


•<faiie' 


I'lS 


d 


ft 


^^* 


■^ 


,^<' 


()■• 


M^' 


^' 


fSii-r* 


;.^ 


■*^.;.i 


^.SK'yi' 


^r  '  ■  -■'^' 


fV  tir(fmfe 


^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


itt  1^    12.2 
I   1^    12.0 


1^    I 


L25  i  1.4 


11^ 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTiR.N.Y.  I4SS0 

(716)«73-4$03 


^v 


Jf  - 


■■% 


RABBIT    BERRY. 


Natural  Order,  EL^.ACNEyV.,  (Jussiou.)     Linnxan  Classiji- 

CUt'wn,  DlQXIA,  OcTA.NDIUA. 

SIIEPIIERDIA,t  (NuTTAM..)     IIippoimiak,  (Pursli.) 

Flowers  ni(Eci()us.— Malk  cali/x  l-ckft,  much  larger  tlian  that 
of  the  female.  Corolld,  none.  Slarninu  s,  alternating  with 
a  torus  of  8  glands.— Fkmale  flower  with  a  small  l-cleft, 
superior,  campanulate  caftja',  and  S  glands.  Sti/le  1;  stigma 
ohliquc,  suhcapitate.  Berry  ]\.ncy,  1-seeded,  glohosc,  invested 
with  the  fleshy  calyx. 

Small  trees,  spincscent  or  unarmed,  with  the  general  aspect  of 
Elicagnus.  Leaves  entire,  opposite,  clothed  with  silvery  and 
ferruginous  scales.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters,  or  in 
spikes.     Berries  pulpy,  diaphanous,  scarlet,  suhacid. 

RABBIT  BERRY,  or  WESTERN  SIIEPIIERDIA. 

SHEPIIERDIA  AnaizyTEA,  fo/ih  nhInns;n-ovalis,  ohtusis^i^Iu- 
bris,  ttlrinr/ne  ai'gentco-lepidotis,  Jlorihus  g/omeni/is. — 
NuTT.  Gen.  Amer.,  vol.  2.  p.  2t0.  Lounox's  Encyc.  Plants, 
p.  S36.  Arhoretum  et  Frutic.  p.  1321.  fig.  120S.  Hookfmi, 
Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol.  2.  p.  13S.  tah.  178,  (well  illustrated.) 

IIippopHAE  argentea,  Puiisii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  p.  115. 

This   very   useful,   hardy,  and   ornamental    tree,   is 


t  Named  in  honour  of  the  late  Mr.  Jim.  Shrphvrd,  then  cura- 
tor of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.  A  most  scientific  gardener 
and  skilful  cultivator. 


120 


llAUniT  13EIUIY. 


wliolly  a  native  of  the  northern  and  western  regions  of 
Nortli  America.  Dr.  Kicliardson  observed  it  on  the 
banks  of  tlie  Saskatcliewan,  between  Carlton  and  Ed- 
monton House  Forts,  in  the  latitude  of  fil,  and  Major 
Long's  party  found  it  growing  on  the  borders  of  Rainy 
Lake,  about  latitude  49.  On  the  banks  of  the  Missouri, 
the  hmit  of  its  southern  range  is  the  borders  of  the 
Phitte,  but  it  appeared  to  be  most  abundant  and  fertile 
around  Fort  Mandan,  or  the  Great  Northern  bend  of  tlie 
Missouri,  in  about  the  latitude  of  48;  here  it  becomes  a 
small  tree  12  to  18  feet  in  height,  and  when  adorned 
with  its  brilliant  scarlet  berries,  j)roduced  in  thick  clus- 
ters so  as  almost  to  conceal  the  brunches,  few  objects 
are  more  ornamental,  contrasted  also  with  the  silvery 
hue  of  the  leaves,  which  reminds  one  of  the  useful  olive; 
it  presents  at  once  an  appearance  both  striking  and 
novel. 

Amongst  the  natives  and  Canadian  voyageurs  it  has 
several  different  names.  According  to  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  it  was  known  on  the  Missouri,  to  the  natives, 
by  the  name  of  the  Rabbit  Berry,  from  being  fed  on 
probably  by  those  animals,  and  it  was  met  with  by  their 
party  in  the  gorges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Rich- 
ardson says  the  Creek  Indians  give  it  a  name  which 
signifies  Bloody  Berry,  (Metheoo-meeva,)  from  the  sin- 
gular redness  and  transparency  of  its  fruit.  The  Cana- 
dian voyageurs  called  it  (iniissc  dc  h(mij\  or  Bufl'aloe-fat, 
from  the  imaginary  relish  of  the  berries,  or  from  the 
practice  of  mixing  them  with  their  fat  pounded  meat  or 
pemican. 

In  1815  I  introduced  a  plant  into  the  Liverpool 
botanic  garden,  but  being  kept  in  the  greenhouse,  it  was, 
I  presume,  killed  with  kindness,  and  was  soon  lost. 
About  12  or  15  years  ago,  my  friends  Messrs.  Wind- 
ships,  of  Brighton,  in  Massachusetts,  in  the  vicinity  of 


RADBIT  DERRY. 


121 


rcffions  of 
it  on  the 
n  Jind  K(l- 
md  Major 
I  of  Rainy 
!  Missonri, 
3rs  of  the 
and  fertile 
>cnd  of  the 
becomes  a 
n  adorned 
thick  chis- 
cw  objects 
the  silvery 
seful  olive; 
riking  and 

eurs  it  has 

[jcwis    and 

he  natives, 

inj;  fed  on 

th  by  their 

ns.     Uich- 

me  which 

m  the  sin- 

iThe  Cana- 

ufl'aloe-fat, 

■  from  the 

d  meat  or 

Liverpool 
isc,  it  Avas, 
Isoon  lost. 
3rs.  Wind- 
Ivicinity  of 


Boston,  obtained  a  few  seeds  of  the  Shrjthcrdin  from  the 
banks  of  the  Missonri,  which  irrowiiiir,  <rave  oriujin  to  all 
the  plants  now  in  the  United  States  and  in  Kurope. 
A  standard  tree,  at  this  time  ^rowiiifr  in  their  nursery, 
is  quite  as  larj^e  as  an  ordinary  Appie-trec;  of  the  same 
age,  and  it  is  yet  very  vigorous  and  increasing  in  size. 
It  is,  I  believe,  about  20  feet  high,  with  a  handsome 
erect  trunk,  clothed  with  a  somewhat  smooth  bark,  and 
presents  an  appearance  of  the  most  vigorous  health. 
Its  resemblance  to  the  Olive  is  very  striking;  it  has  a 
rounded  uniform  elegant  summit,  and  when  in  fruit, 
which  is  at  the  close  of  summer,  scarcely  any  thing  can 
be  more  brilliant,  from  the  load  of  berries  with  which  it 
is  every  where  clad;  these  are  about  the  size  of  small 
red  currants,  juicy,  but  not  waiery,  of  a  pleasant  sub- 
acid taste,  mixed  with  a  sweetness,  which  renders  them 
generally  agreeable.  Made  into  sweet  jelly,  in  the 
manner  of  currants,  they  are  thought  preferable  by  most 
who  have  tasted  them.  But  the  great  use  of  the  Shep- 
herdia  will  be  for  constructing  hedges  or  live  fences,  at 
least  in  the  Northern  States  where  it  thrives  well.  Kept 
down  by  cutting  it  becomes  sufliciently  close,  and  has 
also  the  advantage  of  being  thorny,  green,  or  rather 
silvery,  till  late  in  autumn,  and  it  is  attacked  by  no 
insect,  nor  subject  to  any  disease  or  blight. 

The  berries  are  greedily  devoured  by  all  the  autumnal 
birds,  particularly  Robins  and  Blue-birds,  who  Hock 
round  the  tree  in  throngs  while  any  thing  remains  to  be 
had. 

In  its  native  state  it  is  a  small,  rather  narrow  topped 
tree,  with  the  branches  ending  in  stout  spines.  The 
leaves  are  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  sIkmIIv  petiolate,  on 
both  sides  free  from  hairs,  but  covered  with  peltate  or 
rounded  scales,  which  (through  a  lens)  appear  to  be 
ciliated.  The  flowers,  which  come  out  as  early  as  in 
16 


122 


RABBIT  BERRY. 


March,  arc  in  clusters.  The  calyx  of  the  male  flower  is 
considerably  larger  than  that  of  the  female,  and  divided 
down  to  the  base  into  four  subovate,  obtuse  divisions, 
internally  yellowish,  but  outside  scaly  like  the  leaves. 
The  stamens  arc  eight,  with  oftentimes  rather  short 
pubescent  filaments;  the  anthers  arc  oblong  and  2- 
celled.  The  female  flowers  are  smaller  and  shortly 
pedunculate,  witiiout  any  vestiges  of  stamens.  There 
is  one  style,  and  a  thickish,  oblique,  subelliptic  stigma. 
The  germ  appears  inferior,  but  is,  in  fact,  only  invested 
by  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  The  berries  are  collected  into 
clusters,  and  are  sparingly  scattered  with  scales,  but 
bright  and  pellucid.  The  seed,  or  rather  nut.  with  a 
cartilaginous  shell,  is  subovate  and  shining,  much  like 
that  of  Hippophae^  it  is  also  scored  externally  as  if 
partly  2-lobed,  with  a  small  projection  at  the  base.  The 
embryo  is  straight  and  flat,  without  albumen,  and  the 
radicle  inferior.  The  cotyledons  are  large,  thick  and 
oval.  Mr.  Wyeth,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  observed 
a  variety  of  this  species  with  yellow  berries. 


Plate  XXXV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 

A  second  species  of  this  genus  is  the 

SHEPHERDIA  canadensis,  or  Canadian  Shepherdia, 
with  elliptic-ovate  leaves,  nearly  smooth  above  and 
naked  beneath,  clothed  with  stellate  hairs  and  ferrugi- 
nous scales,  the  flowers  are  also  in  axillary  spikes.  This 
species,  it  appears  from  Hooker,  ranges  far  to  the  north, 
throughout  Canada  to  Fort  Franklin,  on  Mackenzie 
River,  and  from  Newfoundland  and  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.    In  the  State  of  New  York  I  have 


f  ' 


ale  flower  is 
and  divided 
le  divisions, 

the  leaves, 
athcr  short 
3ng  and  2- 
and  shortly 
ns.  There 
)tic  stigma, 
ily  invested 
)llected  into 

scales,  but 
nut.  with  a 
,  much  like 
•nally  as  if 

base.  The 
3n,  and  the 

thick  and 
3,  observed 


CANADIAN  SHEPHERDIA.  jg^ 

TZH^  ''  """  the  borders  of  the  smaller  inland  lakes, 
as  wel  as  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie;  but  this  species 
Bcarcely  becomes  a  tree,  is  without  thorns,  and  the 
hemes  though  equally  brilliant  with  the  precedincr, 
are  rather  unpleasant  to  the  taste.  On  the  authority 
of  Menzies  it  is  said  also  to  exist  on  the  North  West 
coast,  but  I  have  not  seen  it  there. 


HEPHERDIA, 

above  and 
nd  ferrugi- 
ikes.  This 
>  the  north, 
Mackenzie 
Bay  to  the 
ork  I  have 


X  IMENIA,t 

(Plimier.) 
Natural  Order,  Olaci\r;e.     IJnnxan  Classiji cation , 

OcTANDllIA,  MoNOGYiMA. 

Calyx  4-toothccl,  minute,  persistent,  not  cnlar}:;ing.  Pc/ah  4, 
densely  pilose  within,  connivent,  above  rcvolute.  Slamcns  8, 
the  fihiments  capilhiry,  anthers  adnato,  long  and  linear,  not 
cxserted.  Ovur;/  l-celled,  l-seedcd.  Style  1.  Drupe  ovate, 
1-seeded. — Dec  and.  1.  p.  533. 

Tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth,  alternate,  entire,  ellip- 
tical or  ovate,  exstipulate  leaves;  flowers  mostly  in  small  axillary 
umbels. 

MOUNTAIN  PLUM. 

XIMENIA  AMERICANA,  spinosd,  fnliis  ot)lonqis,  pcditnculis 

mullijloris, — Linn.  Sp,  PI,  Hort.  Clifl".  1193.  Swartz,  Obs.  p. 

149.  Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  1.  p.  533. 
et.  ovata,  foliis  ovatis.  X.  mullijlora.  Jacquin,  Amcr.  p.  106.  t. 

277.  fig.  31.  Lamarck,  Illust.  tab.  297.  fig.  1. 
XiMENiA  montana.    Macfadyen,  Flora  of  Jamaica,  p.  121,  a 

variety,  however,  Avithout  thorns. 
Xi.AiENiA   aculcata,  flore    villoso,  fructu   lutco.     Plumier, 

Gener.  p.  6.  Ic.  261.  fig.  1. 

This  plant  forms  a  small  tree  with  an  erect  stem  and 
spreading,  grey,  verrucose  and  somewhat  angular 
branches.  It  is  indigenous  to  the  mountains  of  Jamaica, 


t  Named  iu  honour  of  Francis  Ximencs,  a  Spanish  naturalist 
and  missionary. 


siji  cation^ 


;.    Pel  (lis  4, 

Stamens  8, 

(I  linear,  not 

Drupe  ovale, 

entire,  ellip- 
jmall  axillary 


,  peduncnlis 
vAtiz,  Obs.  p. 

ler.  p.  lOG.  t. 

ica,  p.  121,  a 

Plumier, 


:t  stem  and 
at  angular 
3f  Jamaica, 


ish  naturalist 


i 


Xiiiiniui  AiiU'iirniin 

lli>i)iiftii II    I'ltuH  ,\i ilifnir  .  /ihrfi<<4iilf 


Mor.NTAIN  "I.UM. 


125 


Kny  Went  in  Tloridii,  ulicro  it  uas  lound  by  Dr.  IMojI- 
}H'tt^  jind  is  also  nut  A\itli  in  tlic  n(>i<;lil)<Hirli(>o(l  of 
Ciirtli;iir(>na,  in  llispaiiiola,  and  many  v«>ars  a^o  it  was 
collected  in  tiu!  inl«'ii(»r  ol"  Mast  I'iorida  l»y  John  liar- 
train,  as  Mr.  A.  Gray  saw  spccinii'iis  of  it  in  his  (•ollcc- 
tion  still  extant.  Aecor«lintf  to  Drs.  W'i'rht  and  Kox- 
bur;,di  it  is  also  indi<r»'nons  to  the  coast  of  India. 

It  hears  a  drnpc  the  size  ot'tlu!  IMmn  ol"  llnrope,  or  of 
a  pij^roon's  o«Tfr,  yellow,  smooth,  and  shininii,  l-seedcd, 
with  a  thin  rind  and  watery  pnip  of  a  pleasant  sweet 
snhacid  taste.  The  seed  is  larjiro  and  white.  This 
Plum  is  of  an  ajrrceahlc  llavonr,  and  not  inferior  to  the 
common  varieties  of  that  of  Europe;  it  has  a  siijiht 
de^^rec  of  astrinr^ency  with  a  pleasant  acidity.  The 
llowers  have  a  frajjrant  odour  said  to  be  like  that  of 
frankincense.  The  wood  is  as  yellow  as  that  of  the  San- 
dal, and,  in  India,  its  powder  is  often  substituted  for  it 
by  the  IJrabmins  in  their  religious  ceremonies. 

The  leaves  grow  2  or  3  together,  on  short,  lateral, 
tuberculoid  branchlcts;  they  are  pctiolatc,  oblong-lance- 
olate, obtuse  and  narrowed  below,  smooth,  obscurely 
veined,  about  2  or  2J  inches  long,  and  less  than  an  incb 
broad.  The  flowers  are  disposed  in  small  pedunculated 
axillary  and  subtcrminal  umbels,  the  umbels  13  or  4- 
flowcred.  The  calyx  is  miimte  and  4-tootlied.  Petals  4, 
linear-oblong,  conniving  into  a  tube  below,  recurved  at 
the  apex,  and  covered  with  rather  long  and  dense 
brownish-yellow  hairs  within.  Stamens  8,  as  long  as 
the  petals,  the  filaments  like  the  most  delicate  threads, 
the  anthers  long  and  linear,  ovary  8-angled  at  the  base, 
conical  and  subulate,  with  the  style  as  long  as  the  sta- 
mens. 


Plate  XXXVI. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fruil. 


M  AC  LUR  A,t 

(NUTTALL.) 

Natural  Order ^  ARTOCARPEiE,  (R.  Brown.)     LimKzan 
Classijication^  Dkecia,  Tetrandria. 


1 


Flowers  dkecious. — Male  flowers  with  the  calyx  4-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  exscrted.  Female  flowers  in  globular  aments; 
the  calyx  fleshy,  4-parted,  with  the  bases  ingrafted  together. 
Corolla  none.  Style  1,  filiform,  villous.  Germs  numerous, 
each  1  seeded,  coalescing  into  a  compound  globular  berry  of 
many  cells,  the  cells  1 -seeded.     Seed  obovate. 

A  lactescent  tree,  related  to  the  Fustic,  and  with  nearly  simi- 
lar yellow  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules, 
producing  superaxillary  simple  spines.  Male  flowers  in  pedun- 
culated umbels.  Aments  axillary.  Berry  verrucose  and  large, 
resembling  an  orange,  at  first  lactescent,  greenish-yellow  or  yel- 
low. Nearly  allied  to  Broussonetia,  but  distinguished  by  the 
coalescence  of  the  germs,  and  a  peculiar  habit. 


OSAGE  ORANGE,  or  YELLOW  WOOD. 

MACLURA  aurantiaca.  Nutt.  Gen.  Amer.,  vol.  2.  p.  234. 
Loudon's  Encycl.  of  Plants,  p.  784.  fig.  13256.  Arboretum 
et  Frutic,  vol.  3.  p.  1342.  1362.  figures  1226,  1227,  1228. 
Lambert's  Fupplement  to  Pinus,  1.  c.  Eaton's  Manual, 
(Ed.  8.)  p.  311. 

This  remarkable  tree,  though  perfectly  thriving  and 

■j-  In  honour  of  the  celebrated  geologist,  philosopher,  and 
patron  of  natural  science,  Wm.  Maclure. 


LinncBttfi 


i. 


'aJyx  4-cleft. 
bular  aments; 
ftccl  together. 
ns  numerous, 
bular  berry  of 


nearly  simi- 
lout  stipules, 
ers  in  pedun- 
)se  and  large, 
mellow  or  yel- 
lished  by  the 


.^OOD. 

ol.  2.  p.  234. 

.   Arboretum 

1227,  1228. 

aN's  Manual, 


hriving  and 


osopher,  and 


c- 


M:icl\ir:i  Aiit'aiili:icii 


(fxtuff  (h'ltiu/c 


/;.v/,v  ,/.// 


'"'^"-VT-,  ■-'  I  'nm\fj Mill.. 


/Iviii/f  ffrmKje 


Mucliira   .\iii'jmli:i(:i 


liiug  ti  ./re 


OSAGE  ORANGE,  OR  YELLOW-WOOD. 


127 


hardy  in  the  chmatc  of  Pliiladclphia,  raised  from  seeds, 
does  not  naturally  extend  to  the  north  of  the  Arkansa 
river;  it  is  even  there  of  rare  occurrence,  and  j^enerally 
destitute  of  fruit.  We  saw  a  few  old  iil-trrown  trees  on 
the  banks  of  the  Pottoe,  a  few  miles  from  Fort  Suiith. 
It  was  oidy  on  the  rich  low  bottom  lands  of  Red  River, 
near  the  contlucnce  of  the  Kiainesha,  that  wc  beheld 
the  Madura  in  perfection,  forming  a  great  part  of  the 
prevailing  umbrageous  forest,  and  attaining  an  elevation 
of  50  or  60  feet,  by  a  diameter  of  between  2  and  3  feet. 
It  is,  however,  much  inclined,  when  full  grown,  to  throw 
out  irregular  spreading  limbs  of  considinviblc  extent, 
though  at  first  it  presents  a  very  elegant  roundish 
spreading  summit.  But  at  all  times  it  strikes  the  be- 
holder as  something  remarkable  in  the  northern  forest 
by  the  beauty  and  splendour  of  its  dark  and  shining 
foliage,  which  in  appearance  strongly  resembles  that  of 
the  Orange,  and  the  numerous  spines  which  the  branches 
present  seem  to  confirm  the  comparison.  The  fruit  is 
alike  singular,  resembling  full  grown  yellowish-green 
Oranges,  but  filled  with  a  milky  juice,  and,  as  they  ripen 
at  intervals,  or  become  abortive,  the  ground  beneath, 
Uke  an  orchard,  is  strewn  with  this  curious  fruit,  which, 
when  first  discovered,  lying  neglected  beneath  the  tree, 
led  the  voyagers  to  fear  and  report  it  as  a  poison;  but 
the  family  to  which  it  appertains  and  its  relation  to  the 
Mulberry,  aflfords  a  presumptive  sanction  for  its  harm- 
less qualities. 

The  Madura  was  first  noticed  by  Hunter  and  Dunbar 
in  their  voyage  up  Red  River,  on  the  banks  of  the  Little 
Missouri,  of  the  Washita  River,  also  near  Natchitoches, 
and  upon  the  banks  of  the  Arkansa.  It  was  likewise 
observed  by  Dr.  James,  in  Major  Long's  Expedition, 
along  the  banks  of  the  Arkansa  and  the  Canadian.  I 
first  saw  living  plants,  bearing  fruit,  about  the  year  1810, 


128 


OSAGE  OIIANGE,  OR  YELLOW-WOOD. 


in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Choutcan,  at  St.  Louis,  wliicli  were 
raised  from  seeds  collected  in  the  country  of  the  Osa<fes. 
It  was  afterwardn  introchiccd  into  the  «far(len  of  the  late 
Mr.  M'Mahon  of  Philadelphia,  from  seeds  collected  by 
Governor  Lewis.  The  largest  tree  I  have  seen  in  cul- 
tivation is  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Thomas  (now  David) 
Landreth,  in  Federal  Street,  Philadelphia.  It  is  about 
20  feet  high  and  5.^  in  circumference.  This  tree  has  for 
many  years  borne  fruit,  but  the  seeds  have  only  of  late 
been  perfected,  in  consequence  of  the  absence  of  the 
stamiuiferous  individual,  on  the  .iccession  of  which,  how- 
ever, it  produced  abundance  of  seeds  nearly  as  large 
as  those  of  the  Orange,  and  much  of  tiie  same  form; 
tiiesc  were  indicated  in  the  fruit  by  an  unusual  projec- 
tion of  tiie  external  tubercles. 

The  wood  of  the  Madura  is  solid,  heavy,  and  elastic, 
of  a  fine  yellow  colour,  which,  like  the  Fustic,  it  readily 
communicates  to  water,  and  it  might  consequently  be 
used  as  a  dye.  It  is  also  capable  of  receiving  a  fine 
polish,  and  resembles  satin-wood  by  its  brilliant  gloss. 
The  elasticity  and  durability  of  its  wood  has  long  been 
celebrated  by  the  Indians,  who,  from  its  use,  have  be- 
stowed upon  it  the  name  of  Bow- wood,  and  the  Cana- 
dians, who  traversed  these  regions  in  quest  of  furs, 
knew  it  long  by  the  name  of  the  Bois  (Tare.  The  bark, 
as  in  Broussonctiaj  affords  a  fine  white  flax.  Another 
important  use  of  the  Madura,  in  this  climate,  is  that  of 
forming  live  fences  or  hedges,  for  which  purpose  it  is 
well  adapted,  as  it  bears  cutting,  grows  close,  and  is 
very  thorny,  as  well  as  free  from  the  attacks  of  blight 
and  insects;  it  has  all  the  advantage  of  keeping  for  a 
long  time  green,  and  appears,  in  all  respects,  as  elegant 
a  fence  as  that  of  the  Wild  Orange  in  the  south.  It 
has,  besides,  an  additional  recommendation  in  its  use 


OSAGE  ORAN(!E,  OR  YELLOW  WOOD. 


129 


lich  wcro 

2  Osaj^os. 
f  llie  late 
Icctcd  by 
en  in  cul- 
w  David) 
is  about 
3C  has  for 
ily  of  late 
cc  of  the 
lich,  how- 
'  as  large 
inie  form; 
lal  projcc- 

,nd  elastic, 
,  it  readily 
quently  be 
ving  a  fine 
iant  gloss, 
long  been 
have  be- 
the  Cana- 
,t   of  furs. 
The  bark. 
Another 
is  that  of 
mose  it  is 
se,  and  is 
of  blight 
ping  for  a 
s  elegant 
south.     It 
in  its  use 


for  feeding  silk  worms,  for  wliich  purpose  it  is  scarcely 
inferior  to  the /(t//io//,s  Morns  Mii/liaiu/ls.f 

The  branches  are  tlcxuous  and  round,  clothed  with  a 
smooth  grey  bark.    The  leaves  are  alternate,  upon  long 
foot-stalks,  and  are  usually  oval  and  acuminated;  on  the 
bearing  branches  they  are,  however,  often  considerably 
larger  and  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  very  entire,  with 
the  point  mucronated  and   a  little  pungent,  the  upper 
surface   is  smooth  and   shining,   but   the   petiole   and 
nerves  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  are  somewhat  hir- 
sutely  pui)escent.     The  petiole  is  often  an  inch  or  more 
long;  the  leaf  itself  2  to  4  inches,  and  1^  to  3  inches 
wide.  The  staminifcrom  plant  appears  uniformly  w(!aker, 
more  delicate,  and  smaller  leaved  than  the  fertile  plant. 
The  flowers  in  it  arc  axillary,  in  pedunculated  small 
umbels,  each  umbel  containing  about  15  to  20  flowers, 
consisting  merely  of  a  small   4-cleft  calyx,  with  oval 
hairy  segments,  and  4  stamens,  on  lengthened  and  ex- 
scrted  filaments.     The  anthers  are  2-celled,  large  and 
oval,  opening  lengthwise.     In  both  plants,  single,  undi- 
vided thorns  come  out  in  the  upper  axills  of  the  leaves. 
The  /cmo/c  capitulum  consists  of  a  congeries  of  flowers 
united  into  a  globular  form,  about  the  size  of  a  cherry; 
these  consist  also  in  a  calyx  of  4  divisions,  but  less 
regular  than  in  the  male.     The  styles  and  stigmas,  one 
to  each  germ,  are  |  of  an  inch  long,  giving  to  the  ament 
the  appearance  of  a  tuft  of  long  pubescent  threads. 
The  berry  filled  with  a  milky  juice,  becomes  about  the 
size  of  a  moderate  but  not  large  Orange,  having  an 
irregular  tessellated  appearance,  almost  like  that  of  the 
Bread-fruit;  these  tessellations  are  the  unduly  enlarged 

t  Different  opinions  are  now  entortaincd  of  the  value  of  the 
leaves  of  the  Madura  as  a  food  for  silk-worms,  some  approving 
and  others  discouraging  their  use. 
17 


130 
fleshy 


OSAGE  ORANOR.  OR  YELLOW  WOOD. 


summits  of  the  soijmc'iif h  of  the  calyx.  The  whole 
of  tlic  calyces,  at  a  short  (hstanci;  hclow  the  immediate 
surface,  hecome  partly  engrafted  togi^tlier  into  one 
mass,  and  a  transverse  section  of  th(;  fruit,  therefore, 
presents  a  series  of  radiatiii«r  and  woody  fihres,  amongst 
which  are  immersed  the  one-seeded  germs.  The  seeds 
arc  obovate,  compressed,  and  nearly  as  large  as  those 
of  the  Orange.  The  testa  is  yellowish-wliitc  and  car- 
tilaginous; there  is  no  albumen,  and  the  seed  is  of  a 
yellowish-brown,  pendulous,  with  the  radicle  inverted 
from  the  axis  of  the  fruit,  and  curved  partly  over  the 
margin  of  the  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledoncs  towards  the 
point  occupied  by  the  hylum.  The  fruit,  when  ripe,  is 
succulent,  has  a  sweetish  but  insipid  taste,  and  is  some- 
what acrid.  As  far  as  we  know,  it  is  not  eaten  by  any 
animal. 

It  is  readily  propagated  by  sowing  the  seeds,  and  also 
by  cuttings  of  the  root,  which  grow  much  more  readily 
than  cuttings  of  the  branches.  Although  several  male 
plants  were  raised  in  this  vicinity,  it  is  singular  to  re- 
mark, that  while  the  fertile  plant  is  in  its  utmost  vigour, 
very  few  of  the  former  survive;  and  as  their  presence  is 
necessary  for  fertility,  it  probably  would  be  the  best 
way  to  ingraft  the  male  on  some  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  bearing  plant. 

Plate  XXXVII. 

A  branch  of  the  male  plant  of  the  natural  size    «.  The  male 
flower  a  little  enlarged,     b.  The  female  capitulum. 

Plate  XXXVIII. 


The  fruit  of  the  natural  size.  a.  A  transverse  section  of  the 
same.  h.  The  appearance  of  the  abortive  germs  in  the  section. 
c.  The  seed  with  the  testa,  d.  The  same  divested  of  the  testa. 
e.  The  embryo.    /.  The  back  view  of  the  same. 


OSAUR  OHANCJK,  OH  YELLOW  WOOD. 


i:u 


ho  whole 
uincdiiitc 
into  one 
hcrcfore, 
amongst 
he  seeds 
as  those 
and  car- 
[1  is  of  a 
inverted 
over  the 
kvards  the 
!n  ripe,  is 
I  is  some- 
DH  by  any 

!,  and  also 
»rc  readily 
eral  male 
dar  to  re- 
)st  vigour, 
resencc  is 
the  best 
anches  of 


Besides  the  Fig,  we  luiV'  .  in  thJH  interesting  family 
of  plants,  the  famous  nn^ad-frMit  of  India  and  the 
islands  of  the  l'a(;ilie.  Thr  Cow  'i\  •\  or  I'alo  do 
Vaca  of  South  America,  which  if  tapprd  like  a  foun- 
tain, and  yields  a  coj)ious  ipply  of  ricii  and  wiiolesome 
milk.  The  nuts  o{' i\\c  Jirosimum  nA/V//,s7/-//m,  when  roast- 
ed, are  used  in  the  place  of  bread,  iti  the  West  Indies, 
and  have  a  taste  similar  to  that  of  Hazel-nuts:  the  juice 
of  all  the  plants  of  this  family  also  contains  more  or  less 
of  caoutchouc.  Amidst  this  generally  harmless  group 
of  plants,  it  is  singular  to  find  the  deadly  Upas  of  Java, 
{Anliaris  toxicario,)  whose  inspissated  juice  is  found  to 
contain  that  most  virulent  of  all  poisonous  principles, 
strychnia.  It  in,  however,  somewhat  doubtful  what  the 
real  aftinities  of  this  plant  are,  as  it  is  acknowledged  to 
be  an  anomaly  in  the  family. 


The  male 


Ition  of  the 
the  section. 
If  the  testa. 


NETTLE    TREE. 


Natural  Order,  IJLMACEiE,  (Mirbcl.)     Linnsean  Classifica' 

tioilf  POLYGAMIA,  Dl(ECIA. 


M 


CELTIS,t  (Linn.) 


Flowers  polvgamous. — Staminate  flower  with  the  calyx  5  or 
G-partcd.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  4  to  7.  Perfect  flower 
with  the  calyx  deeply  5-parted.  No  corolla.  Ovarium  1- 
celled;  the  ovules  solitary  and  pendulous.  Style  very  short; 
stigmas  2,  thickish,  subulate,  and  spreading.  Drupe  globu- 
lar, 1 -seeded,  thinly  coated  with  a  sweetish  pulp.  Embryo 
inverted.     Cotyledones  folded. 

The  genus  within  its  proper  bounds  includes  deciduous  leaved 
trees  of  South  Europe,  the  Levant,  the  mountains  of  Nepal  and 
Cuba,  and  the  forests  of  the  United  States.  The  true  Celtides 
have  alternate,  entire,  deciduous,  and  mostly  cordate  leaves, 
generally  oblique  at  the  base,  3-nerved,  entire,  but  mostly  ser- 
rated on  the  margin.  The  stipules  are  membranaceous  and  deci- 
duous. The  flowers  are  precocious,  or  appear  before  the  expan- 
sion of  the  leaves,  with  a  film-like  irregularly  torn  membranous 
perianth,  the  staminiferous  ones  near  the  base  of  the  branchlet 
pedicellate,  and  3  or  4  together.  The  fertile  flowers  are  solitary 
and  axillary,  on  short  peduncles.  The  drupes  brownish-yellow, 
rather  sweet,  insipid,  and  nearly  juiceless. 

For  the  tropical  species  with  axillary  cymes  coeval  with  the 
leaves,  2  distinct  styles  and  an  ovary  with  2  ovules,  I  propose 
the  name  of  Thachydendron,  (in  allusion  to  their  rough  pubes- 

t  The  ancient  name  of  the  Lotus,  applied  to  this  genus  by 
Linnaeus. 


\ 


M 


Classifica- 


3  calyx  5  or 
rfcct  Jloivcr 
Ovarium  1- 
;  very  short; 
^rupe  globu- 
).     Embryo 


luous  leaved 
f  Nepal  and 
rue  Ccltides 
date  leaves, 
mostly  ser- 
lus  and  deci- 
e  the  expan- 
membranous 
he  branchlet 
\  are  solitary 
nish-yellow, 

val  with  the 
js,  I  propose 
•ough  pubes- 


lis  genus  by 


it 


lM.\v,\ 


('<*ltis  iM'li«nljihi 


S.-ii./tV  /<v//vv/  A,///,-  /...,, 


I  '•  )■'<;<■':■  /.'.  ,    .'■)  /i,in',' 


IM.WX 


'i{i/t' 


'4Hv,--: 


SMALL  LEAVED  NETTLE  TREE. 


133 


cent  leaves  and  twigs.)  Most  of  these  species  have  a  tough  fibrous 
bark  of  the  nature  of  hemp. 

SMALL  LEAVED  NETTLE  TREE. 

CELTIS  RETICULATA,  foU'is  brevihus,  lalo-cordatis,  s^ihcoria- 
ceis,  vix  et  irregulariter  serratis  acutis  ba.si  obliquis  sca- 
bris,  siibfus  subglabris  venis  elevatis  reticulatis,  peduncu- 
li%  fructifcris  miijloris. 

Celtis  reticulata.  Torrey,  in  Annals  of  Lyceum,  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2.  p.  247. 

This  low  growing  species  of  Nettle  tree  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  James  near  the  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  I  likewise  met  with  it  in  the  same  moun- 
tain range,  by  small  streams,  and  also  along  the  borders 
of  the  Oregon,  towards  the  Blue  Mountains,  particularly 
along  the  banks  of  the  Bruise,  a  small  stream  falling 
into  that  river.  It  does  not,  in  the  situations  where  we 
observed  it,  become  a  timber  tree,  but  rather  a  tall 
shrub,  full  of  slender,  and,  at  length,  smooth  branches. 
The  leaves  become  thick  and  rigid,  and  are  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  long,  by  less  than  an  inch  wide,  acute, 
but  scarcely  acuminate,  with  a  few  irregular  serratures 
towards  the  point  of  the  leaf,  though  a  number  of  the 
leaves  may  be  observed  possessing  no  serratures  at  all; 
the  upper  surface  is  shining  and  scabrous,  beneath  the 
leaves  are  pubescent  along  the  nerves,  though  at  length 
nearly  quite  smooth;  the  petioles  are  1  or  2  lines  long 
and  pubescent;  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  very  oblique, 
rounded  and  slightly  sinuated.  The  drupe  is  globose, 
solitary,  brownish-yellow,  on  a  short  peduncle.  Of  the 
wood  of  this  species  nothing  is  yet  known. 

Plate  XXXIX. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


rS 


134 


LONG  LEAVED  NETTLE  TREE. 

CELTIS  LONGiFOLiA,  fo/tis  ov(tfo-hinccnI(it'is  prnmiftfic  acti- 
viinatis  iulci^erriinis  /!ri<ii^(//is  clemitm  i>;labris  basi  rolun- 
datis  obH(]nis  sitbcuneatis,  pedunculis  friictifei'is  imi- 
Jlnris,  cortice  subtievi. 

Celtis  occidenldlis,  ji.  integrifuUa,  Nutt.  Gen.  Am.,  vol.  1. 
p.  202.  (not  of  Lamahck.) 


This  tree,  growing  to  the  height  of  GO  or  70  feet,  in- 
habits tiic  deep  shady  forests  which  border  the  Missis- 
sippi from  St.  Louis  to  the  vicinity  of  the  sea.  Its  even 
and  not  deeply  cleft  b^.rk,  in  the  absence  of  its  aspiring 
summit,  at  once  distinguishes  this  species  from  the 
Common  Hack-Berry.  Like  all  the  rest  of  the  genus, 
(confined  within  its  proper  limits,)  the  insignificant  filmy 
flowers  appear  early  in  the  spring,  before  the  expansion 
of  the  leaves.  The  small  branches  are  smooth  and 
yellowish-brown.  The  leaves  are  smooth,  of  a  thin 
consistence,  and  remarkable  for  the  great  length  of  their 
acuminated  points,  of  an  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
form,  subtended  by  deciduous  stipules,  and  at  first 
pubescent  beneath,  particularly  along  the  large  vessels 
or  veins;  at  length  almost  absolutely  smooth,  at  no  time 
scabrous  either  above  or  beneath,  and  wholly  entire  on 
the  margin.  The  length  is  about  from  3  to  3i  inches 
by  1  to  H  wide.  The  obliquity  of  the  base  varies  ac- 
cording to  the  position  of  the  leaf  on  the  branch;  those 
first  developed  are  nearly  equal  at  base,  and  of  a  lan- 
ceolate form;  the  later  ones  are  larger,  wider,  and  more 
oblique.  The  flowers  are  as  usual;  the  males  about  3 
together  towards  the  base  of  the  branch,  the  f 'malcS 


rS 


a. 


mii.t.sc  acti- 
bdsi  rotun- 
iferis    vni- 

Vm.,  vol.  1. 


ro  feet,  in- 
he  Missis- 
Its  even 
;s  aspiring 
from  the 
the  genus, 
cant  filmy 
expansion 
looth  and 
of  a  thin 
th  of  their 
lanceolate 
I  at   first 
je  vessels 
Lt  no  time 
entire  on 
3i  inches 
/aries  ac- 
ch;  those 
of  a  lan- 
and  more 
i  about  3 
3  f'malcs 


m-' 


<, 


''fi      't\ 

*  J.' 

■,3 

#■ 

i^*>: 


V'^^ 


^^ 


'iNMi»«U^k 


■s 

%■ 


H' 


-4  ■ 


Ccliix  Li)iiUtr«ilin . 


I.otiif  leiiivft  \cftfi'   free 


ifitoi'itii'er  ti  f(<ff(fiie,t  /em/Ze.^ 


